• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.12 no.12
• /
• pp.1315-1320
• /
• 2003

To obtain the residual organochlorine pesticides in the coastal environment, the methods of analysis for BHC's isomer, Kelthane, Orthocide and Endrin by GC-ECD are surveyed. The relative retention time for ${\alpha}$-BHC, ${\beta}$-BHC, (equation omitted)-BHC and $\delta$-BHC is 1.00, 1.18, 1.24, 1.31 and it's of Kelthane, Orthocide, Endrin is 1.56, 1.70, and 2.02, respectively. The BHC isomers Kelthane, Orthocide and Endrin are separated on the base line. The plate height(H) for ${\alpha}$-BHC, ${\beta}$-BHC, (equction omitted)-BHC and $\delta$-BHC is 50mm, 35mm, 32mm and 29mm, and it's of Kelthane, Orthocide, Endrin is 81mm, 68mm and 48mm, respectively. The qualified defection concentration for ${\alpha}$-BHC, ${\beta}$-BHC, (equation omitted)-BHC and $\delta$-BHC is 0.26, 0.36, 0.37 and 0.39ng/g and it's of Kelthane, Orthocide, Endrin is 0.55, 1.39 and 0.56ng/g, respectively, BHC's isomer, Kelthane, Orthocide and Endrin are not detected in soil environment on South Cheju Island. Also residual organochlorine pesticides are not detected in the sea water and sediment in the ocean environment.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.177-183
• /
• 1974

One hundred and twenty-five samples comprising thirteen vegetables harvested in 1971 were collected and subjected to GLC analysis, for ${\alpha}-and\;{\gamma}-BHC$ residues, using ECD. Heavy dependence on the technical BHC, instead of Lindane, was amply reflected on the BHC residues-residues of ${\alpha}-BHC$, depending on the vegetables, amounted to $2{\sim}7$ times that of ${\gamma}-BHC$. In spite of extensive contamination by the BHC isomers, residue levels of ${\gamma}-BHC$ were less than 0.015 ppm in all vegetables and were far less than the tolerence limit of $0{\sim}3.0ppm$ recommended jointly by the FAO and WHO.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.183-189
• /
• 2004

To obtain the residual organochlorine pesticides in the culture environment of ginseng on Sangju, Gyeongbuk, the analytical methods for BHC isomers, Aldrin, DDE, Dieldrin, DDD, Endrin and DDT by GCECD are surveyed. The relative retention times for $\alpha$-BHC, $\beta$-BHC, ${\gamma}$-BHC, $\delta$-BHC, Aldrin, DDE, Dieldrin, DDD, Endrin and DDT were 1.000, 1.042, 1.049, 1.086, 1.202, 1.335, 1.341, 1.371, 1.391 and 1.439, respectively The BHC isomers, Aldrin, DDE, Dieldrin, DDD, Endrin and DDT were separated on the base line. The qualified detection concentration for $\alpha$-BHC, $\beta$-BHC, ${\gamma}$-BHC and $\delta$-BHC is 0.43, 1.33, 0.54 and 1.63 ng/g and it's of Aldrin, DDE, Dieldrin, DDD, Endrin and DDT were 0.63, 0.50, 0.66, 0.74, 0.96 and 0.88ng/g, respectively. BHC isomers, Aldrin, DDE, Dieldrin, DDD, Endrin and DDT were not detected in culture environment of ginseng on Sanaju, Gyeongbuk. The detection concentration for Hg, Cd, Pb, Cr, and As in ginseng were 0.0086ppm, 0.0020ppm, 0.0200ppm, 0.0271ppm and 0.0220ppm, respectively, which were also lower than the 30ppm Korea Food & Drug Administration advisory level for heavy metal in herbal medicines.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.155-160
• /
• 1981

Residues of some organochlorine insecticides ${\alpha}-BHC$, ${\gamma}-BHC$, heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide of field soils and vegetables in Jeju island were investigated from october, 1979 to november, 1980. Residues in soil ranged in n.d-0.967 (aver.; 0.391) ppm for ${\alpha}-BHC$, n.d-0.590 (aver.; 0.218) ppm for ${\gamma}-BHC$, n.d-0.819 (aver.; 0.163) ppm for heptachlor, and n.d.-0.256 (aver.; 0.034)ppm for heptachlor epoxide. Average residue levels in cabbage were 0.002ppm for ${\alpha}-BHC$, 0.001ppm for ${\gamma}-BHC$, 0.002 ppm for heptachlor, and 0.001ppm for heptachlor epoxide. The levels of the same chemicals were 0.012ppm, 0.004ppm, 0.003ppm and 0.011ppm on carrot, and 0.014 ppm, 0.007ppm, 0.002ppm and trace on garlic, respectively.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.187-197
• /
• 1984

Samples (river water, tap water, soil, sediment, fish and shellfish) collected in Downstream Area of Nakdong River were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides by G.C. equipped with electron capture detector. Residue levels of organochlorine pesticides in the river water and tap water ranged from less than detection limit (ND) to 56ppt. Total BHC concentration in the river water and tap water were found to increase in summer and decrease in winter. The variation appeared to be related to rain fall. ${\alpha}-BHC\;and\;{\beta}-BHC$ concentration in the soil were ND-3.3ppb and ND-769.7ppb, respectively. ${\alpha}-BHC\;and\;{\beta}-BHC$ concentration in the sediment were ND-2.0ppb and ND-409.9ppb, respectively. Concentration factor of total BHC in the sediment ranged from 83 to 3213. In fish, Carasssus carassius and shellfish, Anodonta woodiana(Lea) the concentration factor of ${\beta}-BHC$ and total BHC were 2,609, 435 and 3,261, 375, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.8 no.4
• /
• pp.219-224
• /
• 1976

The appearance of organochlorine pesticide residues in shellfish, seaweed, mud and water samples collected from south coast of Korean peninsula in September 1974 was surveyed to obtain the following results. 1) The residues in shellfish samples were found to be in the orders of Choongmoo > Yeosoo > Busan > Mokpo area, top-shell >short-necked clam > mussel > hard clam > red-shell, aldrin > ${\alpha}-BHC$ > heptachlor> ${\gamma}-BHC$ > dieldrin > heptachlor epoxide > endrin and in the range of $0-49\;{\mu}g/kg$ edible fresh muscle. 2) The residues in seaweed samples from Wando area were found to be in the orders of tangle > green laver > laver, ${\alpha}-BHC$ > ${\gamma}-BHC$ > aldrin > dieldrin > heptachlor > heptachlor epoxide > endrin and in the range of $0-60\;{\mu}g/kg$ dry matter. 3) The residues in water samples were found to be in the orders of Yeongsan River > Nakdong River > Seomjin River > Choongmoo shellfish farm, ${\alpha}-BHC$ > ${\gamma}-BHC$ > aldrin > heptachlor > dieldrin > heptachlor epoxide > endrin and in the range of $0-180\;{\mu}g/kl$ while those in mud samples were in the order of ${\alpha}-BHC$ > ${\gamma}-BHC$> aldrin > dieldrin > heptachlor > heptachlor epoxide > endrin and in the range of $0.7-18\;{\mu}g/kg$ dry matter. It should be noted that BHC contents of water samples from Yeongsan and Nakdong rivers were far above the recommended environmental levels in USA.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.18-25
• /
• 1979

In order to investigate the effect of polishing washing and cooking processes on the residue level of BHC in rice grain, brown rice samples having a 0.3 ppm total BHC content were subjected to various treatments and residue analysis. The results are summarized as follows: 1) The conventional polishing process of brown rice decreased the residue level down to 8 and 20% for 100 and 70% polished rice, respectively. 2) The washing procedure decreased the level to 34 and 31% for 100 and 70% polished rice, respectively. 3) The cooking processes with a conventional kettle and an automatic electric cooker decreased the residue level to 86 and 77% in 100% polished rice, and 69 and 41% in 70% polished rice, respectively. 4) By summation of the above results in sequence. it was concluded that the residue levels of BHC in cooked rice were 2.3 and 4.3% of original residue in the brown rice for 100 and 70% polished rice, respectively.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.193-199
• /
• 2005

To obtain the residual organochlorine pesticides in the ginseng, the methods of multi-analysis for BHC's isomer, DDT's isomer and other organochlorine pesticides by GC-ECD are surveyed. The relative retention time for $\alpha-BHC,\;\beta-BHC,\;\delta-BHC\;and\;\gamma-BHC$ is 1.000, 1.025, 1.034 and 1.056, respectively. The relative retention time for o,p-DDE, p,p-DDE, o,o-DDD, o,p-DDT, o,p-DDD, and p,p-DDT is 1.199, 1.230, 1.242, 1.286, 1.329 and 1.333, respectively. The BHC isomers, DDT's isomer and other organochlorine pesticides are separated with multianalysis condition. The qualified defection concentration for $\alpha-BHC$, Quintozene, Aldrin, Captan, $\alpha-Endosulfan$, and Dieldrin is 0.95ng/g, 0.27ng/g, 1.04ng/g, 0.63ng/g, 0.55ng/g and 0.62ng/g, respectively. The qualified defection concentration for Fenhexamid, Endrin, $\beta-Endosulfan$, o,p-DDT, Endosulfan-sulfate is 5.71ng/g, 0.61ng/g, 0.48ng/g, 0.44ng/g and 0.51ng/g, respectively. BHC, Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin and DDT, which were Korea Food & Drug Administration advisory pesticides, are not detected in soil environment. Also it's residual organochlorine pesticides are not polluted in the ginseng on Sangju Korea.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.21-28
• /
• 1973

This report is prepared to promote cocoon natures for the use of silk reeling material. It is easily understandable that there must be disuniformity composed with superior group and inferior group in commercial silkworms. If such different groups be seperated by some method, it would be a great contribution for the cocoon production. For a comparative purpose, silkworm sex seperation carried out because male silkworms produce more silk than female worms. The author has developed a new chemical reagent available for the seperation of superior group and inferior group from commercial silkworms, which he has named it as Better Hybrid Controller (BHC). The obtained comparative results are summarized as followings. 1. Basic investigation of BHC application a) In case BHC applied with hybrid worms and pure line, the former one starts to adapt mulberry leaves earlyer than pure line variety. b) The mulberry adapting interval distribution of pure line worms after BHC application showed U type distribution, but hybrid worms showed L type or Poisson's distribution. c) In case of BHC application with silkworms, the longer period application is, the duller distribution was formed. d) When silkworms are seperated in two groups by use of BHC application, the earlyer mulberry adapted group is seemed as stronger than the other part and the group ratio is 2 : 1. 2. Comparation between sex seperation result and better hydrid control (BHC) seperation result. a) The cocoon shell per cent of male worm group showed betweer result than the female group but only 0.4% difference between sexes. b) The cocoon shell per cent of superior group, seperated by BHC, showed 0.7% more than the inferior group. c) The average cocoon shell per cent of BHC treated cocoons showed much more than the Control group as 1.6∼2.4% increase. Enven the inferior group showed better result than the Control. d) Such unexpected result is considered to be the result that BHC application is activating some thing with silkworm physiology. e) On the ether hand, the result of sexes seperated groups or male worm group did not show desirable conclusion as far as cocoon shell per cent is concerned. f) However, when the male group was reeled as silk, it showed much better silk yield or silk per cent of cocoon than the female group as much as one per cent difference between by sexes. Such result was brought by superior silk yield from cocoon shell as much as 87.4%. g) On the other hand, the male group showed lowest non breaking reelable ratio (63%) among all group comparation. h) When we compare cocoon qualities by sex seperation and BHC seperation against the Control, there is no qualitative change, but BHC group showed quantitative promotion with cocoon bave length as much as about hundred meters. i) In case of calculation for productive income of cocoon production, BHC applied group showed about ten per cent income promotion more than the Control. The sexes seperated group, however, showed rather negative result because the male cocoon produced poor weight per box eggs which could not cover it by the inclose of silk yield of it. j) So, the BHC application with the fetched worm stage brought about big promotion for cocoon production. k) BHC method may be used either for seperation purpose or quantitative promotion with whole silk-worms. 3. Only male silkworms rearing did not show desirable productivity, so there is no reason to work out it in the fetching stage of worm.

• Journal of fish pathology
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.135-148
• /
• 2017

Pathogen introductions associated with aquatic invasive species threaten ecosystems and biodiversity worldwide. Bigheaded carps (BHC), including Silver Carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Bighead Carp H. nobilis, and their hybrids, are prolific, invasive pests in central US rivers. However, little is known about pathogen effects on invading BHC or how BHC affect the disease risk profile for native fishes in receiving ecosystems. We therefore conducted, from May 2013-December 2014, a systematic pathogen survey for BHC and native fishes in the Wabash River watershed, Indiana, USA. We found Pseudomonas fluorescens, P. putida, and Salmonella enterica DNA in BHC as well as native fishes, although none of these bacteria were exclusively present in BHC. DNA from other bacterial taxa was detected only in native fishes and Common Carp Cyprinus carpio. No gastrointestinal helminths were detected in BHC, although they were common in most native fishes examined. We also conducted in vitro studies on BHC tissues (skin, gill, fin, and fry) and found high sensitivity to Largemouth Bass virus, viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus, and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus. We conclude that BHC are not heavily burdened by bacteria, viruses and parasites in the invaded study ecosystems, although they do harbor native bacteria and show potential for high sensitivity to endemic viruses.