• Water Engineering Research
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.141-154
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• 2003

Nonpoint source pollutants from agriculture are identified as one of the main causes of water quality degradation in the United States. The Hydrological Simulation Program-Fortran (HSPF) was used to simulate runoff, nitrogen, and sediment loads from an urbanizing watershed; the Polecat Creek watershed located in Virginia. Model parameters related to hydrology and water quality were calibrated and validated using observed hydrologic and water quality data collected at the watershed outlet and at several sub-watershed outlets. A comparison of measured and simulated monthly runoff at the outlet of the watershed resulted in a correlation coefficient of 0.94 for the calibration period and 0.74 for the validation period. The annual observed and simulated sediment loads for the calibration period were 220.9 kg/ha and 201.5 kg/ha, respectively. The differences for annual nitrate nitrogen ($NO_3$) loads between the observed and simulated values at the outlet of the watershed were 5.1% and 42.1% for the calibration and validation periods, respectively. The corresponding values for total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) were 60.9% and 40.7%, respectively. Based on the simulation results, the calibrated HSPF input parameters were considered to adequately represent the Polecat Creek watershed.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제59권4호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2017

Eutrophication of surface waters is of concern worldwide, because it can result in many undesirable water-quality and ecological problems, such as hypoxic 'dead' zones and harmful algal blooms, both associated with considerable economic costs. In this study, we used LSM (Land Surface Model) to simulate nitrogen in five major rivers in the Southern Korean Peninsula. The main objective of this research was to enhance nitrogen data for input of LM3V model in South Korea. Input data for nitrogen fluxes were categorized into three sections including agriculture fertilizer, livestock manure, atmosphere deposition, biological fixation, and sewage pollutants were used as the nitrogen input. For using LM3V model, the nitrogen input data were regenerated by considering states of agriculture and industry in South Korea at a $1/8^{\circ}$ resolution. Then, we simulated stream/river flows and N loads throughout the entire drainage networks in South Korea at a $1/8^{\circ}$ resolution. By using the same parameters for the entire country ($100,210km^2$), composed of 5 river basins with varying climate and land use, the model simulates spatial (11 sites) and temporal (1999~2010) patterns of flows and nitrate-N loads are resonable by comparing observed flow and nitrate-N loads. The r (Pearson's linear correlation) for water temperature, flow and nitrate-N at river were 080~0.93, 0.62~0.92 and 0.5~0.9 respectively. Based on enhanced N input data and model results, we find that LM3V model as land surface model can be applied in South Korea with interaction of atmosphere and land conditions.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.99-114
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• 2018

In the present study, we assess the GloSea5 (Global Seasonal Forecasting System version 5) near-surface ocean current forecasts using globally observed surface drifter dataset. Annual mean surface current fields at 0-day forecast lead time are quite consistent with drifter-derived velocity fields, and low values of root mean square (RMS) errors distributes in global oceans, except for regions of high variability, such as the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Kuroshio, and Gulf Stream. Moreover a comparison with the global high-resolution forecasting system, HYCOM (Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model), signifies that GloSea5 performs well in terms of short-range surface-current forecasts. Predictions from 0-day to 4-week lead time are also validated for the global ocean and regions covering the main ocean basins. In general, the Indian Ocean and tropical regions yield relatively high RMS errors against all forecast lead times, whilst the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans show low values. RMS errors against forecast lead time ranging from 0-day to 4-week reveal the largest increase rate between 0-day and 1-week lead time in all regions. Correlation against forecast lead time also reveals similar results. In addition, a strong westward bias of about $0.2m\;s^{-1}$ is found along the Equator in the western Pacific on the initial forecast day, and it extends toward the Equator of the eastern Pacific as the lead time increases.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.167-177
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• 1992

The gravity measurement has been conducted at 53 and 34 stations with an interval of 1~1.5 km along the national roads of about 47 km and 34 km running from Duksungri to Yangpori and from Angangri to Byungpori, Kyungsangbookdo, respectively. The subsurface geology and geologic structure of Tertiary Pohang and Janggi basins along two survey lines are interpreted quantitatively by applying Fourier series and Talwani methods for Bouguer gravity anomaly. The depths of Conrad discontinuity vary from 11.8 to 12.5 km and 11.5 to 13.2 km along the survey lines between Duksungri and Yangpori, and Angangri and Byungpori, respectively. The depths of pre-Cambrian Gneiss complex underneath Kyungsang Supergroup vary from 3.8 to 4.2 km and 3.8 to 4.6 km along the survey lines between Duksungri and Yangpori, and Angangri and Byungpori, respectively. Massive granite bodies which are not exposed along the survey line between Duksungri and Yangpori are distributed on a large scale at the subsurface between Duksungri and Ochun, and Daegokri and Yangpori. Along the survey line between Angangri and Byungpori, it is exposed at Angangri, and extends underneath Chungrimdong, Pohang city. Andesite is distributed on a small scale underneath Pohang city and Ochun. The thicknesses of Tertiary Yonil and Janggi Groups are 0.2~0.9 km and 0.1~0.5 km, respectively. The Tuffaceous rocks which are the lowest formation of Tertiary sedimentary rocks are distributed with the thickness of 0.2 km at the surface and between Kyungsang Supergroup and Yonil or Janggi Groups. The Yonil and Janggi Groups are in fault contact by a fault running through Ochun and Chungrimdong, Pohang city. Two other faults are newly found near Heunghae-eup and Hyungsan river.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.274-281
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• 2015

영산강과 섬진강의 지천을 중심으로 총 22개 지점에서 4회에 걸쳐 농약(aldicarb, carbaryl, carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, 2,4-D, MCPA, methomyl, metolachlor, molinate)의 실태조사를 수행하였다. 하천수 시료에서 농약을 추출하기 위해 Oasis HLB 카트리지를 사용하였고 LC/ MS/MS를 이용하여 분석하였다. 시험법은 matrix-matched 내부표준검량곡선과 방법검출한계, 정량한계, 정확도, 정밀도, 회수율 등으로 정도관리를 수행하였다. 각 화합물의 방법검출한계는 모든 화합물이 국립환경과학원에서 제안하는 GV/10을 만족하였다. 모든 화합물의 상관계수(r²)는 0.9965- 0.9999로써 직선성이 매우 높았고 정확도와 정밀도는 각각 89.4-113.6%와 3.1-14.0%로써 매우 양호함을 알 수 있었으며 평균 회수율은 90.8-106.2%로 매우 우수하였다. Aldicarb를 제외한 모든 성분이 검출되었고, 특히 carbofuran과 metolachlor의 검출농도와 빈도가 높았는데 이들의 광범위한 적용 범위에 따른 많은 사용량에 기인한 것으로 판단되었다. 2,4-D와 MCPA는 1(5월), 2차(7월) 시료에서만 검출되었는데 이는 두 농약의 사용 적기와 일치하였다. Methomyl과 molinate는 사용 금지된 농약이었으나 일부 지역에서 검출되었고 이는 두 농약이 불법적으로 사용되었거나 과거에 사용되어 수계로 유입, 저질에 흡착된 일부분이 지금까지 용출되어 검출되었을 것으로 판단되었다. 영산강 및 섬진강 수계의 많은 하천수 시료에서 농약이 검출되었고 그 원인이 영농활동 중 농약의 사용이라고 단정할 수 없으나, 영산강과 섬진강 수계 인근의 주된 산업활동이 농업활동이고 농약의 주된 사용이 영농활동에 이루어지며 검출된 농약이 농작물에 대한 약제의 사용 시기와 부합하는 것을 미루어 보아 영산강과 섬진강 유역 농경지에서 사용된 농약이 수계로 유입되어 비점오염원으로 작용하는 것으로 판단되었다. 따라서 수생태계 보존을 위하여 농약에 대한 수질기준 설정이 절실히 요구되었고, 이를 위해 보다 많은 실태조사 결과의 축적과 꾸준한 연구 수행이 필요한 것으로 판단되었다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.341-353
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• 2000

본 연구의 목적은 산업단지 유역에서 강우시 유출수를 조사하여 수질변동과 초기유출 특성 등 오염물질 유출특성을 파악함에 있다. 조사대상유역은 청주산업단지내 유역특성이 상이한 8개 소유역을 선정하여 1997년 6월부터 1998년 8월까지 조사하였다. 분석항목은 $BOD_5$, COD, SS, $NO_3-N$, TKN, $PO_4-P$, TP, n-Hexane 추출물질, Cr, Cu, Pb, Fe 등 중금속이다. 강우시 산업단지에서 발생하는 유출수의 농도범위는 $BOD_5$, COD, SS, $NO_3-N$, TKN, $PO_4-P$, TP, n-Hexane 추출물질 Cr, Cu, Pb, Fe에 대해 각각 2~324 mg/L, 5~810 mg/L, 1~1.110 mg/L, 0.01~10.89 mg/L, 0.1~59.8 mg/L, 0.08~7.02 mg/L, 0.1~7.8 mg/L, 0.1~1,723.6 mg/L, 0.001~0.363 mg/L, 0.001~0.488 mg/L, 0.001~1.28 mg/L, 그리고 0.26~18.91 mg/L으로 분석되었다. 또한, 초기유출현상에 대하여 수량화하였으며, 불투수층면적 비율이 증가할수록 초기유출현상의 발생빈도가 증가하는 것으로 분석되었다.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.4739-4749
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• 1978

This studies were conducted to derive synthetic unitgraphs and triangular unitgraphs correlated with watershed characteristics which can be used to the estimation and control of flood for the rational development of Agricultural water resources. Derived Synthetic unitgraphs and Triangular unitgraphs can be applied to the ungaged watersheds were compared with average unitgraphs by observed data. Seven small watersheds were selected as studying basins Han, Geum, Nakdong, Yeongsan and Inchon river system. The results summarized for these studies are as follows: 1. Average unitgraphs by observed data and dimensionless unitgraphs for synthesis were derived for all river systems. 2. Peak discharge per unit area of the unitgraph, qp, was derived as qp=10-0.389-0.0424Lg with a high significance. 3. Formulas for the base width of unitgraph of 50 and 75 percent for peak flow for each water systems was adopted as Table 5. 4. The base length of the unitgraph, Tb, in hours in connection with time to peak, Tp, in hours was expressed as Tb =4.3Tp. 5. Peak discharge, Qp, were obtained as Table 6 by the Triangular form to all subwatersheds. 6. Relative errors in the peak discharge of the synthetic unitgraphs showed to be 7.3 percent to the peak of observed average unitgraphs except errors of peak discharge for Yeongsan river system. This indicates that Synthetic unitgraphs for the small watersheds of Han, Geum, Nakdong and Inchon river systems can be applied to the ungaged watersheds. On the other hand, It was confirmed that the accuracy of Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph with only 1.6 percent as relative errors was approaching more closely to the observed average unitgraph than that of synthetic unitgraph with relative errors. 23.9 percent for Yeongsan river system. 7. Errors in the peak discharge of the triangular unitgraph to the observed average unitgraph showed to be 0.6 percent to 7.5 percent which can be regarded as a high precision within the range of 200 to 500$\textrm{km}^2$ in area. On the contrary, application of triangular unitgraph within the range of 200$\textrm{km}^2$ in area has defined as a unsuitable method because of high relative errors, 26.4 percent to 61.6 percent.

• 분석과학
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.435-440
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• 2012

지표수 중에 과염소산이온을 LC-ESI-MS/MS을 사용하여 분석하였다. 시료는 단지 PTFE 필터를 사용하여 거른 후 LC-ESI-MS/MS 시스템에 직접 주입하여 분석하였다. 이 방법은 3% 이내의 정밀도를 보였고 정량한계는 0.17 ${\mu}g/L$이었다. 시료는 금강물 35 개 유역에서 2, 4, 6월에 각각 시료를 채취하였다. 그 결과 일반 하천수에서는 과염소산이온이 0.23-3.73 ${\mu}g/L$ (평균 0.20 ${\mu}g/L$) 농도범위로 15% 빈도로 검출되었고 공단 근처의 지표수에서는 0.36-25.10 ${\mu}g/L$ (평균 1.69 ${\mu}g/L$)로 36%의 빈도로 검출되었다.

• 물과 미래
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.205-217
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• 1995

위천대표유역의 11년간의 단독강우사상 3,550개를 선별하여 Yen-Chow의 삼각형 및 사다리꼴, Huff, Pilgrim-Cordery 및 Mononobe의 방법에 의한 지속시간별 설계강우의 시간적분포 특성치를 제시하였다. Yen-Chow 방법의 삼각형분포의 특성치 $a^0$값은 0.44에서 0.50까지 분포하였고, 사다리꼴은 지속시간이 길어질수록 무차원 특성변수 $h^0$의 값이 점차 커지는 경향을 나타내었다. Huff 4분기법에 의한 분석결과는 2구간 강우가 지배적이고 3구간 강우가 낮은 분포를 나타내었다. 또한 Pilgrim-Cordery방법에서는 6시간까지는 전방위 강우형이고, 6시간이상은 점차 후방위로 변화하였다. Mononobe 방법은 시간별 강우량을 중앙집중형으로 나타내었다. 본 방법들의 적용성을 검토하기 위해 위천유역의 32개 관측 강우-유출자료를 이용하였고, 분석결과 Yen-Chow 방법의 삼각형분포가 비교적 재현성이 높게 나타났다. 이들 설계강의의 시간적분포모형들은 미계측유역의 유출해석에 중요한 수단을 제공할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.568-574
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• 2012

Objectives: The purpose of this experiment is to understand the phosphorus removal ratio effects of iron plates per unit of surface area through the iron electrolysis system, which consists of an anoxic basin, aerobic basin, and iron precipitation apparatus. Methods: Iron electrolysis, which uses an iron precipitation reactor in anoxic and oxic basins, consisted of iron plates with total areas of 400 $cm^2$, 300 $cm^2$ and 200 $cm^2$ respectively. The FNR process was operated with a hydraulic retention time and a sludge retention time of 12 hours and three days, respectively. Wastewater used in the experiments was prepared by dissolving $KH_2PO_4$ in influent water. Results: The iron plates 400 $cm^2$ (16.6 $mA/cm^2$), 300 $cm^2$ (13.3 $mA/cm^2$) and 200 $cm^2$ (7.3 $mA/cm^2$) in surface area in the phosphorus reactor had respective phosphorus of 2.4 mg/l, 2.7 mg/l and 3.2 mg/l in the effluent and phosphorus removal respective efficiencies of 90.3%, 89.1% and 87.1%. The effluent in the reactor, where the iron plate was not used, had relatively very low phosphorus removal efficiency showing phosphorus concentration of 15.3 mg/l and a phosphorus removal efficiency about 38.3%. Phosphorus removal per ferrous was 0.472 mgP/mgFe in the iron electrolysis system where the surface area of iron was low. Phosphorus pollution load per active surface area and the phosphorus removal efficiency had an interrelation of RE = -0.27LS + 89.0 (r = 0.85). Conclusion: With larger iron plate surface area, the elution of iron concentration and phosphorus removal efficiency was higher. The removal efficiency of phosphorus has decreased by increasing the initial phosphate concentration in the iron electrodes. This shows a tendency of decreasing phosphorus removal efficiency because of decreasing of iron deposition as the phosphorus pollution load per active surface area increases.