• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.281-287
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• 1995

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of different inclusion levels of urea treated whole-crop wheat silage (UWCWS) in grass silage based rations on the performance of growing beef cattle. The winter wheat (variety, Riband) was harvested (in the summer of 1991) at a dry matter proportion of 520 g/kg and treated with feed grade urea at the rate of 37 kg/tonne crop dry matter and preserved in a heavy duty plastic bag using a silo press. The urea treated whole crop wheat silage (UWCWS) was mixed with grass silage to replace 0.00 (S100), 0.33 (S33) and 0.67 (S67) parts of the forage dry matter and fed ad libitum in a cross over design to 18 Simmental X Holstein Friesian growing beef animals. Two energy sources {one high in starch, rolled barley (RB) and one high in digestible fibre, sugar beet pulp (SBP)} were fed to supply sufficient energy for the efficient use of nitrogen by the rumen micro-organisms. The data on DMIF (dry matter intake of forage), TDMI (total dry matter intake), DLWG (daily live weight gain), FCR (feed conversion ratio) were recorded and faecal samples were collected to determine the digestibility coefficients. Results revealed that with the inclusion of UWCW in the animals' diets the DMI of the forage was significantly increased (p < 0.05). The highest DMIF was found in the treatment "S33" ($6.28{\pm}0.25kg$) where 67% of the silage dry matter was replaced with the UWCW and the lowest value for DMIF was observed in the control treatment ($5.03{\pm}0.23kg$). The DLWG did not differ significantly between the treatments. However, treatment "S100" showed a trend towards a superior DLWG. Feed conversion ratio in the control treatment differed significantly from "S67" and "S33". The addition of the UWCW in the animals' diet resulted in the lower FCR There was no effect of type of energy supplement on any aspect of performance either overall or in interaction with grass silage: UWCWS ratio. The regression and correlation coefficients for DMIF (r = 5.22 + 0.0184x*), DLWG (r = $1.04-0.00086x^{NS}$) and FCR (r = 4.78 = 0.022x*) on the inclusion of UWCW in the diet were calculated. The effect of the inclusion of UWCW on the overall digestibility coefficients was significant (p < 0.05). The addition of the UWCWS in the diet decreased the digestibility of the DM, OM, ADF and NFE but effect on the protein digestibility was non significant. The results of present study suggests that a DLWG slightly over 1 kg can be achieved with UWCW during the store period (period in which animal performance targets are low especially during winter) and the prediction of ME was overestimated as the high intake of DM did not reflect in improved animal performance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.930-940
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• 2020

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate changes in nutritional value and in situ dry matter (DM) degradability of oak and pine wood before and after steam-digestion process (60 min/160℃/6 atm) and feeding effect of the oak roughage on performance and behavior of Hanwoo steers. Methods: Chemical composition and tannin concentration were analyzed for oak and pine trees before and after the pretreatment. In situ DM and effective degradability of these samples were assessed using a nylon bag method. In vivo trial was performed to estimate animal performance and behavior, using steers fed total mixed ration (TMR) diets containing 0% (control), 25% (OR-25), and 50% (OR-50) of the oak roughage. Eighteen steers were allocated into nine pens (2 steers/pen, 3 pens/treatment) for 52 days according to body weight (BW) and age. Results: By the steam-digestion treatment, the neutral detergent-insoluble fiber was decreased from 86.5% to 71.5% for oak and from 92.4% to 80.5% for pine, thereby increasing non-fiber carbohydrate. In situ DM degradability of treated oak reached 38% at 72 h, whereas that of untreated oak was only 11.9%. The 0 h degradability of the treated pine increased from 5.9% to 12.1%, but the degradability was unchanged thereafter. Animal performance including BW, average daily gain, DM intake, and feed conversion ratio was not different among control and oak treatments. No differences were detected in animal behavior such as lying, standing, rumination, drinking, and eating, except walking. Walking was higher in control than oak treatments with numerically higher eating and lower lying times, probably due to bulkier characteristics of rice straw in the diet. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the oak roughage can be substituted for 50% of total forage or 100% of rice straw in TMR diets at early fattening stage of Hanwoo steers.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.43-52
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• 1997

This study was conducted to analysis citizen's attitude and style to the foodwaste from loth Sept. to 30th Sept. in 1996. The research was used questionare method and the analysis was used prequency analysis and cross table method by SPSS (scientific statistics). they answered that the most serious environment problem was waste problem and the best way to settle waste problem was to reduce waste production itself. And they answered that to settle environment problems, it was most important for us to change our life style. But It was not agreed between consciousness and action(execution). Because most of the food-related waste was among household waste, it's settlement was the most importment thing than any other. Nevertheless the seperation of waste was essential to effective incineration, the seperation process was not actually conducted and only a few housewife knew the difference of incinerable and non-incinerable waste. The recycling for the disused dry-cells and garbage is not completly. But we think that if the effective government's recycling counterplan for wastes, foodwaste or wasted dry cell, etc., is estabilished, rates of seperation and collection was increasing. Much usuage of onetime vinyl bag for shopping was become the one of the main cause in increasing the package waste, and so it was needed to use the longlife shopping basket.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.376-381
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• 1992

In order to study the effect of modified atmosphere storage on extending shelf life of mushrooms, oyster mushroom and Shiitake were wrapped with polyethylene film (PE, $50\;{\mu}m$), and stored at $0.5^{\circ}C$. Mushrooms packed with conventional hardboard box (4kg) lost marketability within $5{\sim}6$ days due to weight loss, shrinkage, browning, spore formation and/or mycellium growth. PE-packing could prevent or retard the deterioration of the mushrooms in the aspects of appearance, texture, discoloration, and microbial contamination. This situation can be best characterized by the reduced respiration rate resulted from the elevated level of carbon dioxide and the reduced level of oxygen in the bag. Although the appearance of the oyster mushroom was maintained for one month, its shelf life was limited to 15 days because of tissue softening. Discoloration of the pileus of shiitake mushroom appears to be the most important factor to determine its marketability. For example, extension of shelf life of Dongo was limited to 15 days, principally due to the browning of the pileus. Shelf life of Hawgo whose color of the pileus changed little over the experimental period, however, could be extened to more than one month.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.41-46
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• 1984

Ancient Korean and China litteratures show us that it has been long since people from humbler classes to king most commonly used bast fabrics as materials of their cloth. According to the record of these ancient litteratures, highly developed fine bast fabrics and those woven in figures were used as tribute between ancient Korea and China. In this study we will make a brief research of the history of bast fabric culture from ancient times to the Korea Dynasty in which the bast fabric culture flourished and reached the summit of prosperity. After having compared the bast fabric culture of ancient Korea with that of ancient China in which the bast fabric culture developed very much and bast fabrics were used more commonly as materials of cloth than any other fabrics, we could come to conclusions as follows. 1. Names were given to bast fabrics according to the kinds of bast fibers, the degree of fineness and the containing of figures: Ma-po, Jeo, Jeo-po, Bag-jeo-po, Moon-jeo-po, Po and Se-po. The number of 'Seung' which indicated the degree of fineness was attached to the top of each name to show how fine they are. 2. While the bast fabric of 30 Seung is known to be the most fine one of the ancient China, in ancient Korea fine bast fabric of higher than 30 Seung was woven. This fact proves that the technique of weaving bast fabrics of the ancient Korea was more highly developed than that of ancient China. 3. In ancient China the highest Seung number of the ordinary clothes which were put on after putting off livery of grief was regulated to be 15. But in ancient Korea, Sil-la, it was regulated to be 28. Judging from this fact, we may say that the consumption level of the ancient Korean people in cloth was higher than that of the ancient China people. 4. The reason why in ancient Korea the technique of weaving bast fabrics was so highly developed is suppoed to be that the ancient Korean people preferred elegant, refine and simple taste in cloth. 5. The excellent bast fabric culture of the ancient Korea flowed into ancient Japan. It proves that Korea played an important part in the history of textile development of the world.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.723-727
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• 2003

The antioxidant activities and their antioxidant compounds of a group of teas obtained in local markets were investigated. A total of 18 teas were tested for their antioxidant activities based on their ability to scavenge ABTS (2,2'-Azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) cation radical and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free radical. The former was expressed as mg of ascorbic acid equivalents per 1 tea bag (L-ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity, AEAC) and the latter was expressed as percentage of electron donating activity (EDA%). A good correlation of AEAC and EDA was observed between the two methods. The concentrations of total polyphenolics and flavonoids in tea extracts were measured by spectrophotometric methods. Total ascorbic acid was determined via the 2,6-dicholoroindophenol titrimetric method. According to the AEAC value and EDA, black tea, brown rice green tea, green tea, herb tea and malva tea showed relatively high antioxidant activities. Polyphenolic compounds were the major naturally occurring antioxidant compounds found in teas and the high concentrations of polyphenolic compounds were observed in black tea, green tea and herb tea. Overall, six teas out of 18 teas tested in the study showed better antioxidant activities and higher amounts of total polyphenolic compounds.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.18
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• pp.373-381
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• 1992

Woman in Choson era had various kind of accdssories like rings, ear ring, ornamentak hairpins and so on. Among them their favorite was the Norigae, the pendent trinket. With the embroidered ornament at its center, beads and knots were attached to the upper and lower part, and it was hung with a tassel. It was carried on the string of the Chogori. norigae oreginated in waist string of Three Countries era(Sills, Paekje and Koguryo) ; had been changed with the development of fashion, embroidery and the influence of Buddhistic culture. The differences between Embroidered Norigae and Norigae are following. If the ornament at its center is made of such jewels as gold, silver, jade and the like, it is called Norigae. But if the ornament at its center is made of the embroidered Norigae. Such a Embroidered Norigae in which perfume was contained, was as a perfume box or a perfume bag and was carried on the strings of Chogori by Danjak(single work). The Differences between ancient Embroidered Norigae of late Choson era and modern Embroidered Norigae are Following; 1) The type of main body-the embroidered ornament at its center was mainly embroidered with the shape of animals in both of ancient Embroidered Norigae was usually formes like a bat and that of modern Embroidered Norigae like butterfly. 2) plants were adapted as the main design of ancient Embroidered Norigae, but plants and animals as that of modern Embroidered Norigae. 3) The colors of the background and the design are usually red in both ancient and modern Embroidered norigae. 4) The tassels of ancient Embroidered Norigae were mode in the shape of srick and a strawberry. but the tassels of modern Embroidered Norigae were mainly made in the shape of a stick. 5) Nowadays the beauty of external form is considered more important while the symbol of main body was considered more important in Choson era. 6) The role of Thidon in the composition of Embroidered Norigae is declined and a lot of main bodies are used in modern Embroidered Norigae. 7) Modern Korean people are apt to choose Embroidered Norigae depending upon the design of main body and the traditional Korean beauty. 8) Modern people who desire to get new thing, try to make the design of main body various. As their cognition of Korean tradition is of the increase, the restoration of ancient Embroidered Norigae to its original form has been accom

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.355-362
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• 1983

A vacuum-packed seasoned-dried product of sea mussel, Mytilus edulis, caught in the southern coasts of Korea, was prepared and stored at $35^{\circ}C$ for 70 days to test quality stability. Sea mussel, purchased from Jagalchi fish market in Busan, was steamed, shucked and eliminated byssus. The sea mussel meat was seasoned with the seasoning solution prepared with sugar, salt, sorbitol, glycerol, monosodium glutamate, 5'-ribonucleotide and smoke flavor (Smoke-EZ, Alpha Foods Co., Ltd.). After seasoning, the meat was dried at $52-58^{\circ}C$ for three hours, vacuum-packed in the laminated plastic film bag($14{\times}15cm$), and finally sterilized at $120^{\circ}C$ for 26 minutes in hot water circulating retort. The moisture, water activity, color value(L, a and b value), texture, TBA value and viable bacterial count of the products were determined during the period of storage at $35^{\circ}C$. From the results obtained, it became clear that the product could be preserved in a good quality for 70 days at $35^{\circ}C$, though a slight decrease in moisture content and development of a pale brown color was resulted. Judging from the sensory evaluation on flavor, the products containing smoke flavor were most desirable.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.3980-3990
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• 1975

This study was carried out to develop a method of grain drying ststem that can be done by forcing the heated-air directly into the grains within the sack. The air duct was pushed into the central position of the grain-deposited sack and the heated-air was forced to flow in the radial direction. The system is referred here as the unit sack drying system. At a first step of this study, an air flow resistance tester was constructed to measure the resistance of air flow to grains in cooperated with some different sack materials, the sack materials, the tested were rice-straw bag, sack of polyethylene film, and jute sack In addition, unit sack drying system was constructed to investigate the drying characteristics of the dryer. on this dryer, two kind of terminal air ducts were attached and tested to examine its effects on uniform drying, and also, aseries of drying test was performed to trace the effect of increasing air flow rate on uniform drying. The results are as follows: 1) Resistance of air flow for each sack material was increased almost proportional to the increasing rate of air flow. Experimental data showed little significant differences of the air flow resistance among the materials. 2) From the comparison with air flow resistance of sack material and that of roughrice, it was indicated that airflow resistance of sack material was much higher than that of rice rough Therefore, in the unit sack drying sysle in which air flow is destined to face the sach material after leaving the grain, it was suggested that air flow would be inuniform to each part of grain within sack because of much higher air flow resistance of sack material than that of grain, and the fact would results inuniform grain drying. 3) Drying test on the unit sack drying system in cooperated with different type of terminal air ducts showed that high speed air is better for uniform drying than in high pressure. with the drying system which was assembled with the air ducts delivering higher speed air, there also involved a problem of significant inuniform drying. Therefore, any means to improve the inuniform drying should be undertaken for practical use. 4) A series of drying test with in creasing air flow rate resulted that increasing air flow rate in the unitsack drying system gave little effect on uniform drying, therefore, it is recommened to change its drying system for drying grain uniformly.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.22-30
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• 2006

The volatile organic compound (VOC) Analyzer is a portable device to measure the four main aromatic hydrocarbon gases: toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene and styrene. With the VOC Analyzer, a semiconductor gas sensor eliminates the need for the carrier gas which is required for conventional gas chromatographs. In addition, since the semiconductor gas sensor is supersensitive to gas components, it is not necessary to use a conventional gas concentrator or other complicated equipment. Compared with other measurement methods, the VOC analyzer is useful for measuring toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene and styrene in wood-based panel because of its ease in obtaining field results and repeating the test. The VOC Analyzer primarily measures four VOC in the air. In this study, we designed a test method of VOC measurement for particle board. A specimen was sealed in 3L polyester bag, after 96hours we could measure maximum VOC emission level that is a stabilized VOC Value. For easy, fast and economic testing of TVOC emission from wood-based panel, we developed the test method with the VOC Analyzer. The VOC Analyzer is expected to gain widespread use in the manufacturing field where a quick and easy test for VOC emission from wood-based panel is required. Furthermore, the VOC Analyzer promises to become an easier, faster and more economic technique than the currently used standard methods.