• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.1072-1077
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• 2007

Bacterial endospores, especially those of Bacillus and Clostridium genera, are the target of sterilization in various foods. We used Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 spores to screen novel antimicrobial substances against spores from medicinal plants. We collected 79 types of plant samples, comprising 42 types of herbs and spices and 37 types of medicinal plants used in traditional medicine in Korea and China. At a concentration of 1%(w/v), only 14 of the ethanol extracts exhibited antimicrobial activity against B. subtilis spores of at least 90%. Crude extracts of Torilis japonica, Gardenia jasminoides, Plantago asiatica, Fritllaria, and Arctium lappa showed particularly high sporicidal activities, reducing the spore count by about 99%. Consideration of several factors, including antimicrobial activity, extraction yields, and costs of raw materials, resulted in the selection of T. japonica, G. jasminoides, A. lappa, and Coriandrum sativum for the final screening of novel antimicrobial substances. Verification tests repeated 10 times over a 4-month period showed that the ethanol extract of T. japonica fruit reduced aerobic plate counts of B. subtilis spores the most, from $10^7$ to $10^4\;CFU/mL$ (99.9%) and with a standard deviation of 0.21%, indicating that this fruit is the most suitable for developing a novel antimicrobial substance for inactivating B. subtilis spores.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.27-30
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• 1996

One thousand eight hundreds and twenty two samples of raw milk were detected for antibiotic residues using Bacillus subtilis ATTCC 6633, B. stearothermophilus var. calidolactis C 593 and Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9341 as test organisms, were carried out from July 1991 through June 1992. Apparent antibiotic residues were found through out the study period, except in January. The detection rate varied from 0.7% in March and May to 11% in April. One hundred and thirty six (72%) samples of the 187 screening positive samples were considered to contain only the indigenous antimicrobial agents. Of the total, 51 (2.8%) samples were positive for antibiotic residues. Among the tested organisms, B. stearothermophilus var. calidolactis was the most sensitive organism in detection of the antibiotic residues.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.709-714
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• 2005

Antibacterial activities of the freeze-dried bamboo sap dissolved into the water or 50% ethanol were determined and antimicrobial activity of bamboo sap dissolved into distilled water was most strong with 15 mm of the diameter of inhibiting clear zone against Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19114 among gram positive bacteria tested, but it did not inhibit Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 at all, and the sap was most greatly inhibited the growth of Shigella dysenteriae ATCC 9361 among gram negative bacteria with 15 mm of the diameter of inhibiting clear zone. Bamboo sap dissolved into 50% ethanol most strongly inhibited the growth of L. monocytogenes ATCC 19114 and it also inhibited the growth of B. subtilis ATCC 6633 which did not show any with the sap dissolved into distilled water. The sap dissolved into 50% ethanol was most greatly inhibited the growth of S. dysenteriae ATCC 9361 among gram negative bacteria with 23 mm of the diameter of inhibiting clear zone, and it inhibited Vibrio parahaemolyticus WSDH 22, Vibrio vulnilicus ATCC 29307 and Escherichia coli O157 WSDH 54 with 16 mm of the diameter of inhibiting clear zone. However, Both of the saps dissolved in distilled water and 50% ethanol did not showed any inhibition against the lactic acid bacteria of Lactobacillus plantarum KCTC and Lactobacillus brevis KCTC. Most of the tested bacteria were more sensitive to the sap dissolved in 50% ethanol than the sap dissolved in distilled water. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration of the bamboo sap dissolved into 50% ethanol was 0.6 mg eq./disc with L. monocytogenes ATCC 19114, but that of the sap dissolved into distilled water was 0.8 mg eq./disc with Staphylococcus epidermides ATCC 12228, S. dysenteriae ATCC 9361, L. monocytogenes ATCC 19114, Salmonella typhimurium WSU 2380 and V. parahaemolyticus WSDH 22. In a model food system of the sterilized chocolate milk, antibacterial activities of the sap dissolved into 50% ethanol were relatively stronger than those of the sap dissolved into distilled water and the activities against the bacteria tested were very similar each other. These result suggested the bamboo sap can be used as a natural food preservative.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.149-162
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• 1984

The research was conducted(1) to confirm the agent(s) responsible for the antimicrobial activity contained in the fermented tomato juice with L. acidophilus(2) to extract and purify the antimicrobial agent(s)(3) to find the biological, physical and chemical properties of the agent(s). The following results were obtained and summarized as followings; 1. The agent responsible for the inhibitory activity was confirmed by both well assay method using fermented tomato juice with L. acidophilus and turbidimetric technique using the cell-free filtrate or neutralized filtrate of tomato acidohilus culture and found exerted antimicrobial agent other than lactic acid. 2. The procedures of purification : The isolation and purification of antimicrobial agent from the lyophilized acidophilus tomato culture were carried out by (1) methanol extraction (2) acetone extraction, (3) Sephadex G-50 gel filtration (4) paper chromatography and (5) thin layer chromatography. 3. The biological, physical and chemical properties of antimicrobial agent: The biological, physical, chemical properties of the purified antimicrobial agent were: (1) The antimicrobial activity was strong against test organisms; Bacillus subtilis(ATCC 6633), Escheichia coli(ATCC 25922), Staphylococcus aureus(ATCC 167), Pseudomonas fluorescens(KFCC 32394), Proteus vulgaris and Shigella dysenteriae. (2) The pH value of the agent was 2.0 and the inhibitory activity was lost when it was neutralized at 7.0 of pH and the agent was heat stable at $121^{\circ}C$ for 60 minutes. (3) The ultraviolet light absorption spectra of methanol-acetone extract and TLC fraction exhibited a maximum absorption at 260nm and 224nm respectively. (4) The most purified agent from TLC plate increased about 130-fold in activity. (5) The agent isolated from TLC plate was free from $H_2O_2$ or lactic acid. 4. Bioautographic assy: By means of bioautography of the agent on silica gel of TLC plate a strong inhibitory activity against B. subtilis was demonstrated. 5. Mass spectrometry: The agent obtained from TLC plate was analyzed by mass spectrometry which show the parent peak at m/e 264 suggesting the molecular weight of the compound and molecular group such as [$C_2H{^+}_4$], [CO], [CH=NH], [$C_3{H^}4_7$], [$\begin{array}{rcl}O\\{\parallel}\\CH_3-C\\\end{array}$], [$C_6-H{^+}_{11}$], [$C_5H{^+}_{11}$], [$\begin{array}{rcl}O\\{\parallel}\\C_5H_7-C^+\\\end{array}$] were suggested.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.1490-1499
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• 2016

In this study, 69 lactobacilli isolated from Tibetan Qula, a raw yak milk cheese, were screened for their potential use as probiotics. The isolates were tested in terms of: Their ability to survive at pH 2.0, pH 3.0, and in the presence of 0.3% bile salts; tolerance of simulated gastric and intestinal juices; antimicrobial activity; sensitivity against 11 specific antibiotics; and their cell surface hydrophobicity. The results show that out of the 69 strains, 29 strains (42%) had survival rates above 90% after 2 h of incubation at pH values of 2.0 or 3.0. Of these 29 strains, 21 strains showed a tolerance for 0.3% bile salt. Incubation of these 21 isolates in simulated gastrointestinal fluid for 3 h revealed survival rates above 90%; the survival rate for 20 of these isolates remained above 90% after 4 h of incubation in simulated intestinal fluid. The viable counts of bacteria after incubation in simulated gastric fluid for 3 h and simulated intestinal fluid for 4 h were both significantly different compared with the counts at 0 h (p<0.001). Further screening performed on the above 20 isolates indicated that all 20 lactobacilli strains exhibited inhibitory activity against Micrococcus luteus ATCC 4698, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19115, and Salmonella enterica ATCC 43971. Moreover, all of the strains were resistant to vancomycin and streptomycin. Of the 20 strains, three were resistant to all 11 elected antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, tetracycline, penicillin G, ampicillin, streptomycin, polymyxin B, vancomycin, chloramphenicol, rifampicin, and gentamicin) in this study, and five were sensitive to more than half of the antibiotics. Additionally, the cell surface hydrophobicity of seven of the 20 lactobacilli strains was above 70%, including strains Lactobacillus casei 1,133 (92%), Lactobacillus plantarum 1086-1 (82%), Lactobacillus casei 1089 (81%), Lactobacillus casei 1138 (79%), Lactobacillus buchneri 1059 (78%), Lactobacillus plantarum 1141 (75%), and Lactobacillus plantarum 1197 (71%). Together, these results suggest that these seven strains are good probiotic candidates, and that tolerance against bile acid, simulated gastric and intestinal juices, antimicrobial activity, antibiotic resistance, and cell surface hydrophobicity could be adopted for preliminary screening of potentially probiotic lactobacilli.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.484-489
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• 1997

The characteristics of growth and esterase activity of bacterial strains isolated from acid hydrolysed soybean protein were examined. All the isolated strains having decomposition activity of p-hydroxybenzoic acid butyl ester and esterase producing activity were identified as Bacillus sp. by morphological and biochemical methods. The specific growth rates, esterase activities and p-hydroxybenzoic acid butyl ester decomposition activities of isolated strains were $0.844{\sim}1.213\;h^{-1}$, $21{\sim}222\;mU/ml$ and $5.4{\sim}8.1\;mU/ml$, respectively. In the fermentation of Bacillus sp. KB8 strain which had the highest esterase producing activity, growth, extracellular excretion and intracellular synthesis of esterase were inhibited by adding NaCl in the culture broth. Esterase producing activity gradually increased after late exponential growth phase, until maximum value of 420 mU/ml reached after 64 hours culture period. Esterase of Bacillus sp. KB8 strain was stable up to $50^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes, but was inactivated by heating for 30 minutes at $70^{\circ}C$. The enzyme activity exponentially decreased during the incubation time at the temperatures of $60^{\circ}C$ and $65^{\circ}C$.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.89-99
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• 1998

약효(藥效) 및 안정성(安定性)이 입증(立證)된 한약(韓藥)으로부터 새로운 항균제(抗菌劑)를 도출(導出)하고자, 임상(臨床)에서 청열작용(淸熱作用)이 있거나 염증성(炎症性) 질환(疾患)과 박테리아의 감염(感染)으로 비롯된 질환(疾患)에 자주 쓰이는 22개(個)의 처방(處方)에 대(對)해 paper disk 법(法)을 사용(使用)하여 항균(抗菌) 효능(效能)을 검색(檢索)하였다. 시료(試料)는 한약(韓藥)의 고용(股用) 방법(方法)을 고려(考慮)하여 물로 추출(抽出)하였으며, 사용(使用) 균주(菌柱)로는 그람 양성균(陽性菌)인 포도상구균(葡萄狀球菌)과 고초균(枯草菌) 그리고 그람 음성균(陰性菌)인 대장균(大腸菌)과 녹농균(綠膿菌)을 사용(使用)하였고, 대조물질(對照物質)로는 tetracycline을 사용(使用)하여 상법(常法)에 의(依)해 실험(實驗)하였다. 22개(個)의 처방(處方) 가운데 백두옹탕(白頭翁湯), 황연해독탕(黃連解毒湯), 증황연황연해독탕(增黃連黃連解毒湯), 사심탕(瀉心湯), 용담사간탕(龍膽瀉肝湯), 선방활명음(仙方活命飮) 등(等)의 처방(處方)이 탁월(卓越)한 항균(抗菌) 활성(活性)을 보였다. 이 가운데 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서는 탕제(湯劑)의 구성(構成) 약재(藥材)가 다른 처방(處方)들에 비(比)해 비교적(比較的) 다양(多樣)한 선방활명음(仙方活命飮)에 대(對)해 활성(活性) 성분(成分)의 규명(糾明) 및 구성(構成) 약재간(藥材間)의 상화작용(相互作用)을 밝히고자 하였다. 선방활명음(仙方活命飮) 5 kg을 메탄올 (MeOH)로 추출(抽出)한 뒤 우수(優秀)한 항균(抗菌) 활성(活性)을 보인 에칠아세테이트 (EtOAc) 분획(分劃)에 대(對)하여 silica gel 및 Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography를 반복(反復)하여 stilbene 계열(系列)의 화합물(化合物)인 Rhapontigenin (Compound 1)과 Rhaponticin (Compound 2)을 얻었다. S. aureus SG 511에 대(對)해 Rhapontigenin은 50 mg/ml 이상(以上) 농도(濃度)에서 항균(抗菌) 효과(效果)를 나타내었고, Rhaponticin은 $200\;mg/m{\ell}$ 농도(濃度)에서 미약(微弱)하게 유효(有效)한 항균(抗菌) 효과(效果)를 나타내었으며, B. subtilis ATCC 6633에 대(對)해 Rhapontigenin은 50 mg/ml 이상(以上) 농도(濃度)에서 항균(抗菌) 효과(效果)를 나타내었고, Rhaponticin은 200 mg/ml 농도(濃度)에서 우수(優秀)한 항균(抗菌) 효과(效果)를 나타내었으며, 100 mg/ml 농도(濃度)에서 미약(微弱)하게 유효(有效)한 항균(抗菌) 효과(效果)를 나타내었다. 또한 E. coli 055에 대(對)해서는 Rhapontigenin과 Rhaponticin 모두 200 mg/ml 농도(濃度)에서 미약(微弱)하게 유효(有效)한 항균(抗菌) 효과(效果)를 나타내었다. 이상(以上)의 결과(結果)로 보아 선방활명음(仙方活命飮)의 항균(抗菌) 효능(效能)은 군약(君藥)인 대황(大黃)의 성분(成分) 중(中)의 하나인 stilbene 계열(系列)의 화합물(化合物)인 Rhapontigenin과 Rhaponticin의 작용(作用)에 의(依)한 것이며, 이는 한의학(韓醫學) 방제(方劑) 원리(原理)인 군신좌사(君臣佐使) 이론(理論)에서 군약(君藥)이 주증(主症)에 주(主)로 작용(作用)하는 약물(藥物)이라는 것을 밝혀주는 것이라고 사료(思料)된다.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.143-150
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• 1997

This study was performed to evaluate the characteristics of smoking behavior and the effects of smoking on clinical symptoms and level of serum prolactin in schizophrenic patients. Methods : 76 male schizophrenic patients answered the questionnaire about the characteristics of smoking patterns. And patients were assessed by brief psychiatric rating scale(BPRS), positive and negative syndrome scle(PANSS), Hamilton rating scale for depression(HAM-D), assessment for involuntary movement scale(AIMS) and symptom checklist 90 R(SCL-90-R). Serum prolactin levels were measured by enzymeimmunoassay. Results: 1) The frequences of drinking coffee were significantly higher in smokers. The reasons for smoking were to relieve tension, to avoid boredom, due to habit and to do with friends. 80.1% of smokers tried quitting, but smoking was relapsed due to craving and withdrawal symptoms. 2) No significant difference was seen in mean neuropeltic doses, scores of PANSS and AIMS. But as for BPRS, scores of anxiety/depression subscale were significanly lower in smokers. Scores of HAM-D and scores of interpersonal sensitivity and phobia among SCL-90-R were significantly lower. 3) Levels of serum prolactin were significanlty lower in smokers. Conclusion : These findings suggest that in schisophrenia smoking relieves anxiety and depression subjectively But decreased prolactin levels may suggest that the possibility of increased dopamine in CNS.