• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.799-805
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• 2010

Since the consumption of spent laying hens as roasted skewered meat increases, the effects of various carotenoids on pigmentation and antioxidant activity were tested with 62-wk-old 250 ISA brown laying hens to improve the quality of chicken meat. In a 6-wk feeding trial, 4 carotenoids with different polarity (${\beta}$-8-apo-carotenoic acid ethyl ester (ACAEE)>astaxanthin>canthaxanthin>${\beta}$-carotene) at 100 mg carotenoid/kg feed were used. The more polar the carotenoids, the higher were the levels in blood. After 5-wk adaptation, the concentrations of astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, and ACAEE in blood were -4 ${\mu}g/ml$. Canthaxanthin decreased significantly (p<0.05) the level of total blood cholesterol. Decreases in blood triglyceride by all carotenoids used were significant. ACAEE and astaxanthin tended to increase skin yellowness of thigh, breast, and wing proportionally to feeding period. In the case of polar carotenoids (ACAEE and astaxanthin), the longer the period of feeding, the higher the accumulation in skin was observed. Only astaxanthin was effective against the production of lipid peroxides in skin. Conclusively, out of the commercially available carotenoids we tested, astaxanthin is recommended for pigmentation of skin and inhibition of lipid oxidation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.10
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• pp.1691-1699
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• 2018

A metabolically-engineered Deinococcus radiodurans R1 strain capable of producing phytoene, a colorless $C_{40}$ carotenoid and a promising antioxidant, has been developed. To make this base strain, first, the crtI gene encoding phytoene desaturase was deleted to block the conversion of phytoene to other carotenoids such as lycopene and ${\gamma}$-carotene. This engineered strain produced $0.413{\pm}0.023mg/l$ of phytoene from 10 g/l of fructose. Further enhanced production of phytoene up to $4.46{\pm}0.19mg/l$ was achieved by overexpressing the crtB gene encoding phytoene synthase and the dxs genes encoding 1-deoxy-$\text\tiny{D}$-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase gene, and by deleting the crtD gene. High cell-density culture of our final engineered strain allowed production of $10.3{\pm}0.85mg/l$ of phytoene with the yield and productivity of $1.04{\pm}0.05mg/g$ and $0.143{\pm}0.012mg/l/h$, respectively, from 10 g/l of fructose. Furthermore, the antioxidant potential of phytoene produced by the final engineered strain was confirmed by in vitro DPPH radical-scavenging assay.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.515-525
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• 2013

This study was performed to investigate the characteristics of nutrient intake according to metabolic syndrome in Korean elderly. Data on 1,200 elderly (men 545, women 655) over 65 years was obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010. The subjects were divided into metabolic syndrome (MetS) and normal groups based on NCEP-ATP III guidelines and by applying the Asia-Pacific definition with waist circumference. The prevalence of MetS was 48.9% in all subjects, 35.6% in men and 58.9% in women, respectively. All nutrient intake was significantly lower in MetS than normal subjects, except iron, vitamin A, carotene, and retinol. In the carbohydrate: protein: fat (C:P:F) ratio, MetS showed a higher rate for carbohydrate, but a lower rate for protein and fat than normal. MetS was lower in calcium, vitamin B1, and vitamin C by the nutrient adequacy ratio than normal. Mean adequacy ratio of MetS (0.69) was lower than that of the normal group (0.72). These results demonstrated that undernutrition, not excess intake of specific nutrients - energy, fat, or cholesterol was associated with the risk for MetS in Korean elderly with MetS. Therefore, it is recommended to have a healthy dietary pattern with diverse nutrients for the prevention of MetS.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.475-482
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• 1999

This study was carried out to prepare green tea by traditional roasting process, Kujeungkupo, and to determine its sensory characteristics. The carotenoid content in green tea was increased by roasting and reached 1,317 mg/100 g by Kujeungkupo. Of all carotenoids, the contents of lutein and $\beta$-carotene were 1,170 mg/100 g and 111.1 mg/100 g, respectively. The total cathechin content in green tea was 14.57 g/100 g after 9th roasting. The more the number of roasting the little contents of cathechin in green teas. Of all cathechin, epigallocathechingallate was the highest(6.80g/100 g) followed by epicathechingallte and epicathechin. total cholrophyll content was 141 mg/100 g of green tea. The free sugar content in Kujeungkupo green tea wet 2.18 g/100 g, of which sucrose comprised 46% (1.01 g/100 g). The color value ($\Delta$E) of Kujeungkupo green tea was 16.25. In sensory evaluation, sweet taste was the highest in green tea roasted 3 times and the flavor was best in that roasted 5 times. The sweet and astringent tastes of green tea had negative relationships with a and b values. The content of cathechin in green tea had a negative relationship with sweet taste and a positive relationship with astringent taste.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.56-61
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• 1998

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of vitamin A on the membrane property and ultrastructure in ethanol-administered rat livers. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing of 130 ~150g were fed with experimental diets for 7 weeks. The diets contained different types of vitamin A which were $\beta$-carotene, retinyl acetate and retinoic acid. After feeding theexperimental diets for 7 weeks, a dose of 3.0g ethanol (30%, W/V)/kg B.W was injected to rats intraperitoneally. Control rats received 0.9% saline containing isocaloric sucrose instead of ethanol. Plasma membrane fluidity of liver decreased in rats fed with vitamin a -Deficient diet with ethanol as compared to that of control rats. Fluidity change of liver plasma membrane that ethanol had induced was influenced by dietary supplementation of vitamin A, but not influenced by the type of supplemented vitamin. A . The ultrastructural changed of hepatic mitrochondria were observed in some rats such as vitamin A-deficient rats with ethanol. Inadequate consumptionof vitamin A contributed to ultrastructural changes such as swelled mitochondria occurred by ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity. Although accurate mechanism involved in the plasma membrane-stabilizing effect of vitamin A is still unclear, dietary supplementation of vitamin A such as retinyl acetate is neede to modulate this change. The direct involvement of membrane property on the cell damage caused by ethanol treatment remains to be established.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.196-203
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• 2015

BACKGROUND: Purpose of this research is HPLC analysis method development of lycopene in tomato. And then, three components of carotenoid in four kinds of tomatoes (general tomato, cherry tomato, red and orange date tomato) were compared with each other. METHODS AND RESULTS: Lycopene in tomato was extracted with hexane likes other carotenoid components using 500 mg of dried powder sample. HPLC analysis conditions were column temperature ($40^{\circ}C$), detection wavelength (454 nm), flow rate (1.0 mL/min) and injection volume ($20.0{\mu}L$). Lycopene was analyzed by the gradient elution ($60{\rightarrow}100%$) of the mobile phase solvents A[water: methanol=25: 75 (v/v)] and B[ethyl acetate]. CONCLUSION: Three components of carotenoids (lutein, ${\beta}$-carotene, lycopene) were observed in tomatoes. The total carotenoid contents was the highest in red date tomato (662.0 mg/kg dry wt.) and the lowest in orange date tomato (111.3 mg/kg dry wt.). Lycopene contents in tomatoes was the highest percentage (93%) among all the carotenoids.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.78-81
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• 1986

The photosensitized lysis of egg lecithin lipid membranes (liposomes) have been performed to UV-B light (270-320 nm) by L-tryptophan(L-Trp) and its peptide such as N-acetylphenylalanyl-L-tryptophan(NAPT) incorporated in the liposomes(ca. 0.1% by weight) or in the external buffer (0.1-0.3 mM). Requirement of oxygenation suggests that the lysis of liposomes is caused by the photosensitized oxidation of lipids. There was significant protection against lysis photosensitized by Trp in the external buffer by low concentration of ferricyanide (0.8 mM), but there was no effect on the lytic efficiency by $N_3^-$ which is singlet oxygen($^1O_2$) quencher, indicative of an electron transfer mechanism involved in the photosensitization. The small change of the lytic efficiency with increasing pH from 4 to 9 was interpreted by large target theory and subsequently indicates that superoxide($O_2^-$) may be an active intermediate for the oxidation. The efficiency of photosensitization of Trp was higher than that of NAPT under the same experimental condition. The weak lytic efficiency of liposomes photosensitized by NAPT was enhanced by incorporating NAPT in liposomes, but it was again quenched by ${\beta}$-carotene incorporated in the bilayer of liposomes. These results indicate that a portion of liposome lysis may be due to $^1O_2$ formation from the excited NAPT.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.516-523
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to examine relationships between dietary habits and intakes of antioxidants and B vitamins and the risk of ischemic stroke, and to compare dietary factors according to the presence of cerebral artery atherosclerosis and stroke subtypes. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 147 patients and 144 control subjects were recruited consecutively in the metropolitan area of Seoul, Korea. Sixty participants each in the case and control groups were included in analyses after 1:1 frequency matching. In addition, 117 acute ischemic stroke patients were classified into subtypes according to the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) guidelines. Dietary intake was measured using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire composed of 111 food items and plasma lipid and homocysteine levels were analyzed. RESULTS: When compared with control subjects, stroke patients had unfavorable dietary behaviors and lower intakes of fruits ($73.1{\pm}83.2g$ vs. $230.9{\pm}202.1g$, P < 0.001), vegetables ($221.1{\pm}209.0g$ vs. $561.7{\pm}306.6g$, P < 0.001), and antioxidants, including vitamins C, E, $B_6$, ${\beta}$-carotene, and folate. The intakes of fruits, vegetables, vitamin C, and folate were inversely associated with the risk of ischemic stroke after adjusting for confounding factors. Intakes of vegetables, vitamins C, $B_6$, $B_{12}$, and folate per 1,000 kcal were lower in ischemic stroke with cerebral atherosclerosis than in those without. Overall vitamin $B_{12}$ intake per 1,000 kcal differed according to the TOAST classification (P = 0.004), but no differences among groups existed based on the post-hoc test. CONCLUSIONS: When compared with control subjects, ischemic stroke patients, particularly those with cerebral atherosclerosis, had unfavorable dietary intake, which may have contributed to the development of ischemic stroke. These results indicate that proper dietary recommendations are important for the prevention of ischemic stroke.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.117-121
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• 2010

To investigate effects of binding treatments of branches (FMB, fruiting mother branch; PSB, secondary scaffold branch; SSB, primary scaffold branch) on enlargement and coloring of persimmon 'Fuyu' fruits in ripening period, the branches were bound by steel wire. For eight weeks after binding treatments, Hunter $a^*$ of fruit peel in FMB and SSB binding treatments was more increased than in the others. In fruit characteristics harvested at eight weeks after the binding treatments, the fruit weight was heavier in the binding treatments than in control, the first of those was in SSB binding. The fruit height was higher in SSB binding than in the others, but the fruit diameter was longer in FMB and SSB binding treatments. Solid soluble content was higher in FMB and PSB binding treatments. $Chroma^*$ of the fruit peel was higher in FMB and PSB binding treatments as Hunter $a^*$ and $b^*$ values were higher and lower in FMB and SSB binding treatments, respectively. Lycopene and $\beta$-carotene content in the fruit peel were higher significantly in PSB and SSB binding treatments, total chlorophyll content in all the binding treatments was lower than in control.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.171-176
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• 2010

To investigate the effect of leaf removal on enlargement and coloring of persimmon fruits (Diospyros kaki L. cv. 'Fuyu'), four treatments control (0%), 20%, 50%, and 100% depend on leaf removal of fruit bearing branch were applied to persimmon trees. Sunlight intensities around fruits with treatments depend on removal level, compared with natural sunlight intensity (100 percentage level), was 7.9%, 13.6%, 16.4%, and 30%, respectively. Hunter $a^*$ of the fruit with control and 20% removal treatments to harvest season increased continuously. $Chroma^*$ of the fruit since the removal treatments of leaves increased continuously in all treatments, but from seventh week that had a decreasing tendency. The fruit weight and diameter were significantly heavy and short in treatments with 100% removal level. L/D ratio of the fruits had a significant difference between control and the other treatments. Soluble solids of the fruits lowed significantly in treatment with 50% removal level. Hunter $a^*$ of the fruits was better in treatments with control and 20% removal levels, Hunter $b^*$ and $Chroma^*$ lowed significantly in treatment with 20% removal level. $\beta$-Carotene and lycopene concentration of the fruits lowed in treatment with the higher of removal level, total chlorophyll contents had the opposite tendency to the pigments. All results considered, removal level of leaves around fruit on bearing branch in fruit maturation stage had effect on fruit coloring improvement.