• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제44권9호
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• pp.1256-1263
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 유자가 선천성 면역력에 미치는 효과를 알아보기 위하여 유자 30% 주정추출물(CJE)을 사용하였으며 선천성 면역에 중요한 역할을 하는 대식세포를 이용해 실험하였다. CJE는 마우스 대식세포인 RAW264.7에서 $1,000{\mu}g/mL$의 최고 농도까지 세포독성을 보이지 않았고, 전사인자 $NF-{\kappa}B$와 염증성 매개물질인 COX-2, PGE2의 활성 및 발 현 증강에 영향을 미치며, 특히 $300{\mu}g/mL$의 농도에서부터 유의적 차이를 보이는 것으로 확인되었다. 산화질소 생성능과 대식세포에서 분비되는 사이토카인인 $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$의 발현을 대조군에 비해 농도 의존적으로 증가시킨다는 결과를 얻었으나, IL-6에서는 통계적으로 약간의 유의성이 있는 증가를 보였고 IL-10은 정상대조군에 비해 거의 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. CJE는 또한 NK 세포의 활성을 농도 의존적으로 증가시키고 비장세포의 증식능도 농도 의존적으로 증가시킨다는 것을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과로 미루어 보아 CJE는 인체의 대식세포 활성의 증가를 통해 선천성 면역력을 증가시킬 것으로 판단된다.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.124-129
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• 2005

Background: CM1 (centrocyte/-blast marker 1) is originally defined as a germinal center B cell marker. It is known that CM1 plays a critical role on B cell development in germinal center. In addition, we have found that CM1 is expressed on lymphoma cell lines, such as Raji, Ramos and IM-9. This means that CM1 might be served as a tumor marker as well. In the present study, we examined the expression of CM1 on the surface of the other tumors and the possibility of the development of tumor screening ELISA kit by using CM1. Methods: First, we have examined the expression of CM1 on stomach cancer and hepatoma, which are predominantly (discovered) occurred in Korean, by flow cytometry analysis. After purifying of CM1 antigen from Raji and Ramos, the optimal ELISA condition was determined. And then we compared the level of CM1 between normal individuals and cancer patients by ELISA. To decrease the non-specific binding of anti-CM1 mAb with serum components except CM1 and to enhance the diagnostic accuracy, albumin depletion spin column was used. Results: CM1 was highly expressed on stomach cancer and hepatoma cell lines. In addition, we have also confirmed the increased CM1 expression on cancer patients. The difference of CM1 expression between normal individuals and cancer patients were more clearly observed, after deletion of serum albumin by using albumin depletion spin column. Conclusion: Based on the results from this study, CM1 might be a useful molecule for the early diagnosis of cancer. In addition, further studies for the increase of ELISA sensitivity and appropriate albumin depletion methods should be needed.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제59권6호
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• pp.551-558
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• 2016

Malignant glioma cells invading surrounding normal brain are inoperable and resistant to radio- and chemotherapy, and eventually lead to tumor regrowth. Identification of genes related to motility is important for understanding the molecular biological behavior of invasive gliomas. According to our previous studies, Metallothionein 1E (MT1E) was identified to enhance migration of human malignant glioma cells. The purpose of this study was to confirm that MT1E could modulate glioma invasion in vivo. Firstly we established 2 cell lines; MTS23, overexpressed by MT1E complementary DNA construct and pV12 as control. The expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2, -9 and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 were increased in MTS23 compared with pV12. Furthermore it was confirmed that MT1E could modulate MMPs secretion and translocation of NFkB p50 and B-cell lymphoma-3 through small interfering ribonucleic acid knocked U87MG cells. Then MTS23 and pV12 were injected into intracranial region of 5 week old male nude mouse. After 4 weeks, for brain tissues of these two groups, histological analysis, and immunohistochemical stain of MMP-2, 9 and Nestin were performed. As results, the group injected with MTS23 showed irregular margin and tumor cells infiltrating the surrounding normal brain, while that of pV12 (control) had round and clear margin. And regrowth of tumor cells in MTS23 group was observed in another site apart from tumor cell inoculation. MT1E could enhance tumor proliferation and invasion of malignant glioma through regulation of activation and expression of MMPs.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.59-66
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• 2006

Background: CM1 (Centrocyte/-blast Marker I) defined by a mAb developed against concanavalin-A activated PBMC, is expressed specifically on a subpopulation of centroblasts and centrocytes of human germinal center (GC) B cells. Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is a tumor consisting of tumor cells with the characteristics of GC B cell. Previously we reported that CM1 ligation with anti-CM1 mAb induced apoptosis in Ramos $(IgM^{high})$ and Raji $(IgM^{low})$ cells. Methods & Results: In the present study, we observed that CM1 ligation with anti-CM1 mAb induced Fas ligand and Fas expression in Ramos cells, but not in Raji cells. Furthermore, anti-Fas blocking antibody, ZB4, blocked CM1-mediated apoptosis effectively in Ramos cells, but not in Raji cells. Increased mitochondrial membrane permeabilization, which was measured by $DiOC_6$, was observed only in Raji cells. In contrast to no significant change of Bax known as pro-apoptotic protein, anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was significantly decreased in Raji cells. In addition, we observed that CM1 ligation increased release of mitochondrial cytochrome c and upregulated caspase-9 activity in Raji cells. Conclusion: These results suggest that apoptosis induced by CM1-ligation is mediated by Fas-Fas ligand interaction in Ramos cells, whereas apoptosis is mediated by down-regulation of Bcl-2 and subsequent decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential in Raji cells.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.253-258
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• 1997

Ten, heretofore unreported, $ 5^I-methyl-5^I-[2-(5-substituted uracil-1-yl)ethyl)]-2^I-oxo-3^I$-methylenetetrahydrofurans (H, F, Cl, Br, I, $ CH_3$,$CF_3$,$CH_2CH_3$,$ CH=CH2$, SePh) (7a-j) were synthesized and evaluated against four cell lines (K-562, FM-3A, P-388 and U-937). For the preparation of ${\alpha}$-methylene-${\gamma}$-butyrolactone-linked to 5-substituted uracils (7a-j), the convenient Reformasky type reaction was employed which involves the treatment of ethyl ${\alpha}$-(bromomethyl)acrylate and zinc with the respective 1-(5-substituted uracil-1-yl)-3-butanone (6a-j). The 5-substituted uracil ketones (6a-j) were directly obtained by the respective Michael type reaction of vinyl methyl ketone with the $K_2CO_3$(or NaH)-treated 5-substituted uracils (5a-j) in the presence of acetic acid in the DMF solvent. The .alpha.-methylene-.gamma.-butyrolactone compounds showing the most significant antitumor activity are 7e, 7f, 7h and 7j (inhibitory concentration $(IC_50)$ ranging from 0.69 to $2.9 {\mu}g/ml$), while 7b, 7g and 7i have shown moderate to significant activity. The compounds 7a, 7c and 7d were found to be inactive. The synthetic intermediate compounds 6a-j were also screened and found marginal to moderate activity where compounds 6b and 6g showed significant activity $(IC_50:0.4~2.8 {\mu}g/ml)$.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권5호
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• pp.1126-1141
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• 2021

Recent evidence has shown that methionine (Met) supplementation can improve milk protein synthesis under hyperthermia (which reduces milk production). To explore the mechanism by which milk protein synthesis is affected by Met supplementation under hyperthermia, mammary alveolar (MAC-T) cells were incubated at a hyperthermic temperature of 42℃ for 6 h in media with different concentrations of Met. While the control group (CON) contained a normal amino acid concentration profile (60 ㎍/mL of Met), the three treatment groups were supplemented with Met at concentrations of 10 ㎍/mL (MET70, 70 ㎍/mL of Met), 20 ㎍/mL (MET80, 80 ㎍/mL of Met), and 30 ㎍/mL (MET90,90 ㎍/mL of Met). Our results show that additional Met supplementation increases the mRNA and protein levels of BCL2 (B-cell lymphoma-2, an anti-apoptosis agent), and decreases the mRNA and protein levels of BAX (Bcl-2-associated X protein, a pro-apoptosis agent), especially at an additional supplementary concentration of 20 ㎍/mL (group Met80). Supplementation with higher concentrations of Met decreased the mRNA levels of Caspase-3 and Caspase-9, and increased protein levels of heat shock protein (HSP70). The total protein levels of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and the mTOR signalling pathway-related proteins, AKT, ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1 (RPS6KB1), and ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6), increased with increasing Met supplementation, and peaked at 80 ㎍/mL Met (group Met80). In addition, we also found that additional Met supplementation upregulated the gene expression of αS1-casein (CSN1S1), β-casein (CSN2), and the amino acid transporter genes SLC38A2, SLC38A3 which are known to be mTOR targets. Additional Met supplementation, however, had no effect on the gene expression of κ-casein (CSN3) and solute carrier family 34 member 2 (SLC34A2). Our results suggest that additional Met supplementation with 20 ㎍/mL may promote the synthesis of milk proteins in bovine mammary epithelial cells under hyperthermia by inhibiting apoptosis, activating the AKT-mTOR-RPS6KB1 signalling pathway, and regulating the entry of amino acids into these cells.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권7호
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• pp.1210-1220
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• 2021

Objective: Unlike mammals, goose fatty liver shows a strong tolerance to fatty acids without obvious injury. Stearyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 (SCD1) serves crucial role in desaturation of saturated fatty acids (SAFs), but its role in the SAFs tolerance of goose hepatocytes has not been reported. This study was conducted to explore the role of SCD1 in regulating palmitic acid (PA) tolerance of goose primary hepatocytes. Methods: 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide was examined to reflect the effect of PA on hepatocytes viability, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the mRNA levels of several genes related to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, and the role of SCD1 in PA tolerance of goose hepatocytes was explored using RNA interfere. Results: Our results indicated that goose hepatocytes exhibited a higher tolerant capacity to PA than human hepatic cell line (LO2 cells). In goose primary hepatocytes, the mRNA levels of fatty acid desaturation-related genes (SCD1 and fatty acid desaturase 2) and fatty acid elongate enzyme-related gene (elongase of very long chain fatty acids 6) were significantly upregulated with 0.6 mM PA treatment. However, in LO2 cells, expression of ER stress-related genes (x box-binding protein, binding immunoglobulin protein, and activating transcription factor 6), inflammatory response-related genes (interleukin-6 [IL-6], interleukin-1β [IL-1β], and interferon-γ) and apoptosis-related genes (bcl-2-associated X protein, b-cell lymphoma 2, Caspase-3, and Caspase-9) was significantly enhanced with 0.6 mM PA treatment. Additionally, small interfering RNA (siRNA) mediated downregulation of SCD1 significantly reduced the PA tolerance of goose primary hepatocytes under the treatment of 0.6 mM PA; meanwhile, the mRNA levels of inflammatory-related genes (IL-6 and IL-1β) and several key genes involved in the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT), forkhead box O1 (FoxO1), mammalian target of rapamycin and AMPK pathways (AKT1, AKT2, FoxO1, and sirtuin 1), as well as the protein expression of cytochrome C and the apoptosis rate were upregulated. Conclusion: In conclusion, our data suggested that SCD1 was involved in enhancing the PA tolerance of goose primary hepatocytes by regulating inflammation- and apoptosis-related genes expression.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제53권3호
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• pp.304-312
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• 2021

참당귀로부터 열수추출 및 에탄올 침전법을 이용해 조다당을 분리하고 DEAE-Sepharose FF와 Sephadex G-100을 이용하여 얻은 정제 다당 AGE-2c-I을 대상으로 선천 면역 활성 및 항종양 전이 효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 인체의 초기 면역 반응에 있어 중추적인 역할을 수행하는 보체계 활성화 및 활성화 경로를 확인한 결과, AGE-2c-I은 운지버섯 유래 시판 면역증강제인 PSK에 준하는 우수한 활성을 나타내는 것으로 확인되었으며. 본 활성은 주로 고전경로를 통하여 활성화되며 일부 부경로를 경유하는 것으로 최종 확인되었다. 또한 AGE-2c-I은 mouse 복강 유래 대식세포에 대해 직접적인 독성을 나타내지 않으며 종양세포주 YAC-1 및 B16BL6에 대한 직접적인 독성 또한 나타나지 않음을 확인함으로써 시료의 직접적인 독성에 근거한 항암 효과는 없는 것으로 확인되었다. 반면에 비장으로부터 분리한 림프구는 8 ㎍/mL의 AGE-2c-I 처리에 의해 증식능이 관찰되었다. AGE-2c-I이 대식세포의 cytokine 분비능에 미치는 효과를 확인한 결과, 우수한 IL-6, IL-12 및 TNF-α 분비능을 보였으며 시료를 200 ㎍ 및 1,000 ㎍의 고농도로 처리한 실험군에서 IL-10이 분비된 것으로 보아 AGE-2c-I은 immune-stimulator의 역할뿐만 아니라 immune-suppressor로서의 작용 또한 가능한 것으로 확인되었다. 한편 종양 및 암세포에 대하여 직접적인 살해 활성을 나타내는 NK cell 활성을 확인한 실험에서는 농도 의존적인 종양 세포 살해능을 확인할 수 있었으며 100 ㎍/mouse 농도에서 NC 대비 약 1.5배 높은 NK cell 활성을 나타냈을 뿐만 아니라, 폐에 대한 고전이성 종양세포주인 B16BL6 melanoma 세포를 이용한 실험동물 종양 전이 모델에선 100 ㎍/mouse 농도로 처리한 실험군이 NC 대비 58%의 colony가 감소한 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이상의 결과로 부터 참당귀 유래 RG-I 구조의 다당은 높은 선천면역계 자극 활성, 특히 보체계, 대식세포, 림프구 증식, NK cell의 활성화를 통해 우수한 항종양 전이 효과를 갖는 것으로 최종 확인되었으며 건강기능성식품 소재로의 개발가치가 우수한 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.111-122
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• 2024

본 연구에서는 넙치(Paralichthys olivaceus)에서 N-(4-(4-Fluorophenoxy)-3-methylphenyl) acetamide 주사 투여에 따른 넙치 비장의 NK cell 활성을 평가하기 위하여 120, 150, 200 mg/kg 용량으로 설정하고 3일에 1회, 30일 동안 총 10회의 주사를 투여하였다. 표적세포(Target cell)로는 쥐의 임파종 세포인 YAC-1 cell과 넙치의 HINAE cell을 사용하였고, 넙치 비장의 NK cell과의 공배양 시간은 4시간과 18시간을 선정하여 실험을 실시하였다. YAC-1 cell을 사용하여 실험의 경우 4시간과 18시간 공배양 실험 모두 200 mg/kg 용량 구간의 실험군에서 가장 높은 세포독성을 대조군 대비 최대 3.06배 높은 세포독성을 보였다. HINAE cell을 사용한 실험의 경우 4시간 공배양한 실험에서만 유의적인 차이를 보였으며, YAC-1 cell과 마찬가지로 200 mg/kg 용량 구간의 실험군에서 가장 높은 세포 독성을 보여 대조군 대비 2.3배 높은 세포독성을 보였다. 추가적으로 넙치의 두신 조직에서 IL-12b의 발현량을 확인하였고, 세포독성 실험과 일치하는 결과를 보였고, 200 mg/kg 용량 구간의 실험군에서 가장 높은 발현량을 보여 대조군과 비교하여 6.62배 높은 수치를 보였다. 이러한 결과는 N-(4-(4-Fluorophenoxy)-3-methylphenyl) acetamide가 넙치의 NK cell 활성에 영향을 줄 수 있다는 것을 보여준다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.572-577
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• 2010

본 연구에서 60 주령된 쥐를 대상으로 8 주간 트레드밀 운동강도와 근섬유 유형에 따른 apoptosis 관련 인자를 연구하였다. 결론적으로 노후된 쥐의 apoptosis 관련 인자는 운동강도와 근육유형에 따라 차이가 났다. EDL이 Soleus보다 apoptosis인자의 변화가 운동강도에 의해 더 민감하게 나타났다. 또한 casepase-3의 발현은 고강도 운동에서 나타났으나 DNA 절편화는 나타나지 않았기에 실질적인 apoptosis는 발생되지 않았다. 이는 노후된 개체의 운동 수행방법으로 고강도 운동은 적합하지 않으며, 고강도 운동상태를 지속할 경우 근섬유의 apoptosis를 유도할 가능성이 있다는 것을 시사한다. 그러므로 추후 실험에서는 운동시간과 빈도에 의한 apoptosis의 time-course impact 관찰과 외재적 경로(caspase independent apoptosis)에서의 apoptosis 관련 단백질 변화에 대한 연구를 통하여 노화에 의한 근손실의 원인 규명이 요구된다.