• Title/Summary/Keyword: Axial Mode

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Fracture Resistance and Stress Distribution of All Ceramic Crowns with Two Types of Finish Line on Maxillary Central Incisor (IPS Empress 도재관의 파절강도: 하악 중절치에서 절단연 삭제량과 축면 경사도에 따른 영향)

  • Nam, Young-Sung;Kim, Kyea-Soon;Jung, Young-Chan;Kim, Yu-Lee;Dong, Jin-Keun
    • Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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    • v.19 no.3
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    • pp.207-217
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    • 2003
  • The purpose of this study was to compare the fracture strength of the IPS Empress ceramic crown according to the incisal depth (1.5mm, 2.0mm, 2.5mm) and axial inclination (4, 8, 12) of the lower central ncisor. After 10 metal dies were made for each group, the IPS Empress ceramic crowns were fabricated and each crown was cemented on each metal die with resin cement. The cemented crowns mounted on the testing jig were inclined 30 degrees and a universal testing machine was used to measure the fracture strength. The results of this study were as follows : The fracture strength of the ceramic crown with 2.0mm depth and 12 inclination was the highest (648 N). Crowns of 1.5mm depth and 4 inclination had the lowest strength (482 N). There were no significant differences of the fracture strength by axial inclination in same incisal depth group. The fracture mode of the crowns was similar. Most of fracture lines began at the loading area and extended through proximal surface perpendicular to the margin irrespective of incisal depth. There had correlation between fracture strength and fractured surface area.

Free vibration of axially loaded Reddy-Bickford beam on elastic soil using the differential transform method

  • Yesilce, Yusuf;Catal, Seval
    • Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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    • v.31 no.4
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    • pp.453-475
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    • 2009
  • The literature regarding the free vibration analysis of Bernoulli-Euler and Timoshenko beams on elastic soil is plenty, but the free vibration analysis of Reddy-Bickford beams on elastic soil with/without axial force effect using the Differential Transform Method (DTM) has not been investigated by any of the studies in open literature so far. In this study, the free vibration analysis of axially loaded Reddy-Bickford beam on elastic soil is carried out by using DTM. The model has six degrees of freedom at the two ends, one transverse displacement and two rotations, and the end forces are a shear force and two end moments in this study. The governing differential equations of motion of the rectangular beam in free vibration are derived using Hamilton's principle and considering rotatory inertia. Parameters for the relative stiffness, stiffness ratio and nondimensionalized multiplication factor for the axial compressive force are incorporated into the equations of motion in order to investigate their effects on the natural frequencies. At first, the terms are found directly from the analytical solutions of the differential equations that describe the deformations of the cross-section according to the high-order theory. After the analytical solution, an efficient and easy mathematical technique called DTM is used to solve the governing differential equations of the motion. The calculated natural frequencies of one end fixed and the other end simply supported Reddy-Bickford beam on elastic soil using DTM are tabulated in several tables and figures and are compared with the results of the analytical solution where a very good agreement is observed and the mode shapes are presented in graphs.

Experimental Analysis of Axial Vibration in Slim-type Optical Disc Drive (슬림형 광 디스크 드라이브의 축방향 진동에 대한 실험적 해석)

  • 박대경;전규찬;이성진;장동섭
    • Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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    • v.12 no.11
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    • pp.833-839
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    • 2002
  • As the demand for slim laptops requires low-height optical disc drives, vibration problems of optical disc drives are of great concern. Additionally, with the decrease of a track width and a depth of focus in high density drives, studies on vibration resonance between mechanical parts become more important. From the vibration point of view, the performance of optical disc drives is closely related with the relative displacement between a disc and an objective lens which is controlled by servo mechanism. In other words, to read and write data properly, the relative displacement between an optical disc and an objective lens should be within a certain limit. The relative displacement is dependent on not only an anti-vibration mechanism design but also servo control capability. Good servo controls can make compensation for poor mechanisms, and vice versa. In a usual development process, robustness of the anti-vibration mechanism is always verified with the servo control of an objective lens. Engineers partially modify servo gain margin in case of a data reading error. This modification cannot correct the data reading error occasionally and the mechanism should be redesigned more robustly. Therefore it is necessary to verify a mechanism with respect to the possible servo gain plot. In this study we propose the experimental verification method for anti-vibration mechanism with respect to the existing servo gain plot. Thismethod verifies axial vibration characteristics of optical disc drives on the basis of transmissibility. Using this method, we verified our mechanism and modified the mechanism for better anti-vibration characteristics.

Transverse cracking based numerical analysis and its effects on cross-ply laminates strength under thermo-mechanical degradation

  • Abdelatif, Berriah;Abdelkader, Megueni;Abdelkader, Lousdad
    • Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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    • v.60 no.6
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    • pp.1063-1077
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    • 2016
  • Components manufactured from composite materials are frequently subjected to superimposed mechanical and thermal loadings during their operating service. Both types of loadings may cause fracture and failure of composite structures. When composite cross-ply laminates of type [0m/90n]s are subjected to uni-axial tensile loading, different types of damage are set-up and developed such as matrix cracking: transverse and longitudinal cracks, delamination between disoriented layers and broken fibers. The development of these modes of damage can be detrimental for the stiffness of the laminates. From the experimental point of view, transverse cracking is known as the first mode of damage. In this regard, the objective of the present paper is to investigate the effect of transverse cracking in cross-ply laminate under thermo-mechanical degradation. A Finite Element (FE) simulation of damage evolution in composite crossply laminates of type [0m/90n]s subjected to uni-axial tensile loading is carried out. The effect of transverse cracking on the cross-ply laminate strength under thermo-mechanical degradation is investigated numerically. The results obtained by prediction of the numerical model developed in this investigation demonstrate the influence of the transverse cracking on the bearing capacity and resistance to damage as well as its effects on the variation of the mechanical properties such as Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio and coefficient of thermal expansion. The results obtained are in good agreement with those predicted by the Shear-lag analytical model as well as with the obtained experimental results available in the literature.

Analytical post-heating behavior of concrete-filled steel tubular columns containing tire rubber

  • Karimi, Amirhossein;Nematzadeh, Mahdi;Mohammad-Ebrahimzadeh-Sepasgozar, Saleh
    • Computers and Concrete
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    • v.26 no.6
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    • pp.467-482
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    • 2020
  • This research focused on analyzing the post-fire behavior of high-performance concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) columns, with the concrete containing tire rubber and steel fibers, under axial compressive loading. The finite element (FE) modeling of such heated columns containing recycled aggregate is a branch of this field which has not received the proper attention of researchers. Better understanding the post-fire behavior of these columns by measuring their residual strength and deformation is critical for achieving the minimum repair level required for structures damaged in the fire. Therefore, to develop this model, 19 groups of confined and unconfined specimens with the variables including the volume ratio of steel fibers, tire rubber content, diameter-to-thickness (D/t) ratio of the steel tube, and exposure temperature were considered. The ABAQUS software was employed to model the tested specimens so that the accurate behavior of the FE-modeled specimens could be examined under test conditions. To achieve desirable results for the modeling of the specimens, in addition to the novel procedure described in this research, the modified versions of models presented by previous researchers were also utilized. After the completion of modeling, the load-axial strain and load-lateral strain relationships, ultimate strength, and failure mode of the modeled CFST specimens were evaluated against the test data, through which the satisfactory accuracy of this modeling procedure was established. Afterward, using a parametric study, the effect of factors such as the concrete core strength at different temperatures and the D/t ratio on the behavior of the CFST columns was explored. Finally, the compressive strength values obtained from the FE model were compared with the corresponding values predicted by various codes, the results of which indicated that most codes were conservative in terms of these predictions.

Stability of structural steel tubular props: An experimental, analytical, and theoretical investigation

  • Zaid A. Al-Sadoon;Samer Barakat;Farid Abed;Aroob Al Ateyat
    • Steel and Composite Structures
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    • v.49 no.2
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    • pp.143-159
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    • 2023
  • Recently, the design of scaffolding systems has garnered considerable attention due to the increasing number of scaffold collapses. These incidents arise from the underestimation of imposed loads and the site-specific conditions that restrict the application of lateral restraints in scaffold assemblies. The present study is committed to augmenting the buckling resistance of vertical support members, obviating the need for supplementary lateral restraints. To achieve this objective, experimental and computational analyses were performed to assess the axial load buckling capacity of steel props, composed of two hollow steel pipes that slide into each other for a certain length. Three full-scale steel props with various geometric properties were tested to construct and validate the analytical models. The total unsupported length of the steel props is 6 m, while three pins were installed to tighten the outer and inner pipes in the distance they overlapped. Finite Element (FE) modeling is carried out for the three steel props, and the developed models were verified using the experimental results. Also, theoretical analysis is utilized to verify the FE analysis. Using the FE-verified models, a parametric study is conducted to evaluate the effect of different inserted pipe lengths on the steel props' axial load capacity and lateral displacement. Based on the results, the typical failure mode for the studied steel props is global elastic buckling. Also, the prop's elastic buckling strength is sensitive to the inserted length of the smaller pipe. A threshold of minimum inserted length is one-third of the total length, after which the buckling strength increases. The present study offers a prop with enhanced buckling resistance and introduces an equation for calculating an equivalent effective length factor (k), which can be seamlessly incorporated into Euler's buckling equation, thereby facilitating the determination of the buckling capacity of the enhanced props and providing a pragmatic engineering solution.

Axial compressive behavior of partially encased recycled aggregate concrete stub columns after exposure to high temperatures

  • Jiongfeng Liang;Wanjie Zou;Liuhaoxiang Wang;Wei Li
    • Steel and Composite Structures
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    • v.52 no.2
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    • pp.121-134
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    • 2024
  • To investigate the compressive behavior of partially encased recycled aggregate concrete (PERAC) stub columns after exposed to elevated temperatures, 22 specimens were tested. The maximum temperature suffered, the replacement ratio of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA), the endurance time and the spacing between links were considered as the main parameters. It was found that the failure mode of post-heated PERAC columns generally matched that of traditional partially encased composite (PEC) columns, but the flange of specimens appeared premature buckling after undergoing the temperature of 400℃ and above. Additionally, the ultimate strength and ductility of the specimens deteriorated with the elevated temperatures and extended heating time. When 400℃< T ≤ 600℃, the strength reduction range is the largest, about 11% ~ 17%. The higher the replacement ratio of RCA, the lower the ultimate strength of specimens. At the temperature of 600℃, the ultimate strength of specimens with the RCA replacement ratio of 50% and 100% is 0.94 and 0.91 times than that of specimens without RCA, respectively. But the specimen with 50% replacement ratio of RCA showed the best ductility performance. And the bearing capacity and ductility of PERAC stub columns were changed for the better due to the application of links. When the RCA replacement ratio is 100%, the ultimate strength of specimens with the link spacing of 100 mm and 50 mm increased 14% and 25% than that of the specimen without links, respectively. Based on the results above, a formula for calculating the ultimate strength of PERAC stub columns after exposure to high temperatures was proposed.

Behavior of RC columns strengthened with NSM and hybrid FRP under pure bending: Experimental and analytical study

  • Mohsen A. Shayanfar;Mohammad Ghanooni-Bagha;Solmaz Afzali
    • Computers and Concrete
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    • v.34 no.4
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    • pp.393-408
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    • 2024
  • In recent decades the strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) structural elements using Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) has received much attention. The behavior of RC elements can vary from axial compression to pure bending, depending on their loading. When the compressive behavior is dominant, the FRP jacket application is common, but when the flexural behavior is prevalent, the codes consider the FRP jacket ineffective. Codes suggest applying FRP bars or strips as Near-surface Mounted (NSM) or Externally Bonded (EB) in the tensile face to strengthen the beams under flexure. To strengthen the columns in tension-control mode, some researchers have suggested NSM FRP bars in both tension and compression faces alone or with the FRP jacket (hybrid). However, the number of tests that evaluate the pure bending of the strengthened columns as one of the pivotal points of the axial force-moment interaction curve is limited. In this paper, 11 RC elements strengthened using the NSM (in both tension and compression faces) or hybrid method were subjected to bending to assess the effect of the amount and material type of the FRP bar and jacket and the dimensions of the groove. The test results revealed that the NSM method increased the flexural capacity of the members between 10% to 50%. Furthermore, using the hybrid method increased the capacity between 51% to 91%. Finally, an analytical model was presented considering the effect of the NSM FRP bond in different circumstances, and its results were in good agreement with the experimental results.

A Study on the Dynamic Behavior of a Various Buried Pipeline (각종 매설관의 동적거동에 관한 연구)

  • Jeong, Jin-Ho;Lim, Chang-Kyu;Joeng, Du-Hwoe;Kook, Seung-Kyu
    • Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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    • v.10 no.4 s.50
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    • pp.15-24
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    • 2006
  • This work reports the results of our study on the dynamic response of various buried pipelines depending on their boundary conditions. We have studied behavior of the buried pipelines both along the axial and the transverse direction. The buried pipelines are modeled as beams on elastic foundation while the seismic wave as a ground displacement in the form of a sinusoidal wave. The natural frequency, its mode, and the effect of parameters have been interpreted in terms of free vibration. In order to investigate the response on the ground wave, the resulting frequency and the mode shape obtained from the free vibration have been utilized to derive the mathematical formula for the forced vibration. The natural frequency varies most significantly by the soil stiffness and the length of the buried pipelines in the case of free vibration. The effects of the propagation direction and velocity and the frequency of ground wave on the dynamic responses of concrete, steel, and FRP pipes have been analyzed and then dynamic responses depending on the type of pipes have been compared. Through performing dynamic analyser for various boundary conditions and estimation of the location of maximum strain has been estimated for the type of pipes and boundary conditions.

Experimental Study on Failure Behavior of Steel Members and Elements under Very Low Load-Cycles (극저하중(極低荷重)사이클을 받는 강부재(鋼部材) 및 요소(要素)의 파괴거동(破壞擧動)에 관한 실험적(實驗的) 연구(硏究))

  • Park, Yeon Soo
    • KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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    • v.14 no.2
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    • pp.257-268
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    • 1994
  • An experimental study was carried out to elicit important factors causing cracks and rupture of steel members and their elements under imposed large repeated deformations, and of the quantitative relationships among the important physical factors leading to failure. Each of twenty-eight angles and nine thin-plates served as the specimen and was subjected to repeated axial load after undergoing inelastic buckling. Particular attention was paid to the effects of loading pattern, failure mode and cross-sectional shape on the very-low-cycle failure behavior under loading repetitions of the order of a few to twenty. The experimental results show that energy dissipation capacity depends heavily on the entire history of loading, the failure mode, the slenderness ratio and the width-to-thickness ratio. No simple quantitative relations were observed between the initiation of the visible cracks or rupture and the energy dissipation capacity. The maximum values of residual "net" strains are found to range from 25% to 40%, independent of the test parameters.

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