• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.277-285
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to manufacture spent layer chicken meat products by natural freeze-drying. The spent layers of chickens that were slaughtered at 80 wk were obtained from a local slaughter house and separated into two halves of carcasses. The samples were divided into the following groups: 1) control (non-curing), 2) curing, and 3) curing with 2% trehalose before drying. The cured meats were placed at $2^{\circ}C$ for 7 d and then transferred to a natural drying spot located in Injae City, Gangwondo, Korea. The experiment was conducted from January to March in 2008. The average temperature, RH, and wind speed were $-1.5^{\circ}C$, 63%, and 1.8 m/sec, respectively. The cured treatments showed higher pH, lower Aw and lower shear force value compared with the control. Based on the results of TBARS (2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) level and volatile basic nitrogen value, lipid oxidation and protein deterioration were inhibited in curing treatments during drying. Trehalose acted as a humectant because it maintained a lower water activity despite the relatively higher moisture content during drying. The polyunsaturated fatty acids content and sensory attributes were higher in cured treatments than in the control during drying. Most of the bacterial counts in the treated groups were lower by 2 Log CFU/g after 1 mon of drying, and Salmonella spp. and Listeria spp. were not found in any treatment. There was also no microbial safety problem associated with dried meat products. Based on the results of this experiment, dried meat products could be manufactured from precured spent layer chickens by natural freeze-drying during winter.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.333-339
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• 2009

This study was done to determine if there is any difference in microleakage between experimental composite resins, in which various proportions of three component photoinitiators (Camphoroquinone, OPPI, Amine) were included. Four kinds of experimental composite resin were made by mixing 3.2% silanated barium glass (78 wt.%, average size; 1 ${\mu}m$) with each monomer system including variously proportioned photoinitiator systems used for photoinitiating BisGMA/BisEMA/TEGDMA monomer blend (37.5:37.5:25 wt.%). The weight percentage of each component were as follows (in sequence Camphoroquinone, OPPI, Amine): Group A - 0.5%, 0%, 1% / Group B - 2%, 0.2%, 2% / Group C - 0.2%, 1%, 0.2% / Group D - 1%, 1%, 2%. Each composite resin was used as a filling material for round class V cavities (diameter: 2/3 of mesiodistal width; depth: 1.5 mm) made on extracted human premolars and they were polymerized using curing light unit (XL 2500, 3M ESPE) for 40 s with an intensity of 600 mW/$cm^2$. Teeth were thermocycled fivehundred times between $50^{\circ}C$and $550^{\circ}C$for 30s at each temperature. Electrical conductivity (${\mu}A$) was recorded two times (just after thermocycling and after three-month storage in saline solution) by electrochemical method. Microleakage scores of each group according to evaluation time were as follows [Group: at first record / at second record; unit (${\mu}A$)]: A: 3.80 (0.69) / 13.22 (4.48), B: 3.42 (1.33) / 18.84 (5.53), C: 4.18 (2.55) / 28.08 (7.75), D: 4.12 (1.86) / 7.41 (3.41). Just after thermocycling, there was no difference in microleakage between groups, however, group C showed the largest score after three-month storage. Although there seems to be no difference in microleakage between groups just after thermocycling, composite resin with highly concentrated initiation system or classical design (Camphoroquinone and Amine system) would be more desirable for minimizing microleakage after three-month storage.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.47-57
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• 1989

T. verrucosum infection has been reported for the first time in 1986 in Korea and has been increasing progressively. To evaluate the progress of clinical and histopathological change of dermatophytosis caused by T. verrucosum, inoculation study, using T. verrucosum isolated from infected human(human strain) and from infected cattle(cattle strain), was done in 24 male albino Hartley guinea pig. Their clinical and histopathological changes were evaluated. In addition, comparison for the growth rate between human strain and cattle strain on Sabouraud's glucose agar was made. The results were as follows: 1. Growth rate on Sabouraud's glucose agar : Cattle strain showed significantly more rapid growth rate than human strain on Sabouraud's glucose rate at $25^{\circ}C$ and $37^{\circ}C$. And cattle strain showed more rapid growth rate at $37^{\circ}C$ than $25^{\circ}C$. But human strain showed no significant difference of growth rate at both temperature. 2. Clinical findings: Initial erythema, scale and crust were developed about 8th after inoculation. All three findings reached maximum severity about 12th to 16th day and disappeared about 30th to 34th day after inoculation. There was no significant difference in progress of erythema, scale and crust between cattle strain and human strain. 3. Histopathological findings: Although mild acanthosis was noticed on the 3rd day after inoculation, the other findings including parakeratosis, intraepidermal abscess, spongiosis and vascular change, cellular infiltration were found on 9th day after inoculation. They reached maximum severity on the 12th day and lasted to the 25th day after inoculation. After that, all three findings were decreased gradually between 29th day and 33th day. On the PAS stainings, hyphae and spores were found on the 6th day and disappeared on the 21th day after inoculation. 4. In trichophytin skin test, all of the 24 guinea pigs became positive within average $9.83{\pm}1.17$ lays. These findings suggested that dermatophytosis caused by T. verrucosum induced rapid cell mediated immunity and contributed to rapid resolution of the lesion.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.308-313
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• 2008

"Jeokjoong", a white winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety was developed from the cross "Keumkang"/"Tapdong". "Jeokjoong" is an awned, semi-dwarf and soft white winter wheat, similar to "Keumkang" (check variety). The heading and maturing date of "Jeokjoong" were similar to "Keumkang". Culm and spike length of "Jeokjoong" were 78 cm and 7.5 cm, similar to "Keumkang". "Jeokjoong" had lower test weight (800 g) and lower 1,000-grain weight (40.1 g) than "Keumkang" (811 g and 44.0 g, respectively). It had resistance to winter hardiness, wet-soil tolerance and lodging tolerance. "Jeokjoong" showed moderate to scab in test of specific character although "Keumkang" is susceptible to scab. "Jeokjoong" had lower flour yield (69.2%) and ash content (0.36%) than "Keumkang" (72.0% and 0.41%, respectively) and similar flour color to "Keumkang". It showed lower protein content (8.9%) and SDS-sedimentation volume (36.8 ml) and shorter mixograph mixing time (3.5 min) than "Keumkang" (11.0%, 59.7 ml and 4.5 min, respectively). Amylose content and pasting properties of "Jeokjoong" were similar to "Keumkang". "Jeokjoong" had softer and more elastic texture of cooked noodles than "Keumkang". Average yield of "Jeokjoong" in the regional adaptation yield trial was 6.19 MT ha-1 in upland and 5.33 MT/ha in paddy field, which was 19% and 16% higher than those of "Keumkang" (5.21 MT/ha and 4.58 MT/ha, respectively). "Jeokjoong" would be suitable for the area above the daily minimum temperature of $-10^{\circ}C$ in January in Korean peninsula.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.630-634
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• 2009

"Hyedang", a new covered cultivar derived from the crosses between "Suwon300" and "Haganemugi//CI08397/Haganemugi" developed at the Honam Agricultural Research Institute (HARI), NICS, RDA in 2007. The origin of "Hyedang" is "Iksan 407" (SB951033-B-B-B-72). The initial cross was made in 1995 and the selected line showed a high yield and good quality characteristics under yield trial test in 2004. "Iksan407" consistently performed well for three years (2005-2007) from the four locations of regional yield trial (RYT) in Korea and released as "Hyedang". The characteristics of "Hyedang" were the following: rate III growth habit, green leaf and stem, compact spike and with long rough awns. The heading date was April 25 in upland and April 17 in paddy field, which was 2 and 3 days earlier than that of check cultivar, "Olbori". The culm length was 80 cm which was 8 cm shorter than those of check cultivar. It showed spike length of 4.3 cm and 696 spikes per $m^2$, 51 grains per spike, 35.0 g of 1,000 grain weight and 704 g of test weight. It showed stronger winter hardiness and higher resistance to barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) than those with check cultivar. It showed similar protein content and higher whiteness than those of the check cultivar and diastatic power was higher than that of Olbori. The average yield of the pearled grain in the RYT was $4.17ton\;ha^{-1}$ in upland and $4.27ton\;ha^{-1}$ in paddy field, which was 23% and 9% higher than that of the check cultivar, respectively. This cultivar would be suitable for the area above the daily minimum mean temperature of $-8^{\circ}C$ in January in Korean peninsula.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.44-50
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• 2009

"Sukang", a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar was developed by the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA. It was derived from the cross "Suwon266" / "Asakaze" during 1994. "Sukang" was evaluated as "Iksan312" in Advanced Yield Trial Test in 2005. It was tested in the regional yield trial test between 2006 and 2008. "Sukang" is an awned, semi-dwarf and hard winter wheat, similar to "Keumkang" (check cultivar). The heading and maturing date of "Sukang" were similar to "Keumkang". Culm and spike length of "Sukang" were 90 cm and 8.1 cm, longer culm length and similar spike length compared to "Keumkang" (80 cm and 7.9 cm, respectively). "Sukang" had similar test weight (819 g/L) and lower 1,000-grain weight (40.2 g) than "Keumkang" (813 g/L and 44.9 g, respectively). "Sukang" showed resistance to winter hardiness and pre-harvest sprouting, which lower withering rate on the high ridge (4.5%) and rate of pre-harvest sprouting (0.2%) than "Keumkang" (21.9% and 30.4%, respectively). "Sukang" had lower flour yield (71.1%) and higher ash content (0.45%) than "Keumkang" (74.1% and 0.42%, respectively). "Sukang" showed lower lightness (89.13) and higher yellowness (10.93) in flour color than "Keumkang" (90.02 and 9.28, respectively). It showed higher protein content (12.8%) and gluten content (11.1%) and lower SDS-sedimentation volume (56.8 ml) and mixing time of mixograph (2.6 min) than "Keumkang" (11.9%, 10.2%, 62.3 ml and 4.7 min, respectively). Fermentation properties, amylose content and pasting properties of "Sukang" were similar to "Keumkang". "Sukang" showed different compositions in high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS, $2^{\ast}$, 13+16, 2+12) and puroindolines (pina-1b/pinb-1a) compared to "Keumkang" ($2^{\ast}$, 7+8, 5+10 in HMW-GS and Pina-1a/Pinb-1b in puroindolines, respectively). "Sukang" showed lower hardness (4.53 N) and similar springiness and cohesiveness of cooked noodles (0.94 and 0.63) compared to "Keumkang" (4.65 N, 0.93 and 0.64, respectively). Average yield of "Sukang" in the regional adaptation yield trial was 5.34 MT/ha in upland and 4.72 MT/ha in paddy field, which was 4% and 1% lower than those of "Keumkang" (5.55 MT/ha and 4.77 MT/ha, respectively). "Sukang" would be suitable for the area above $-10^{\circ}C$ of daily minimum temperature in January in Korean peninsula.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.349-353
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• 2009

We developed a new barley cultivar "Dami" (Hordeum vulgare L.) with the auricleless gene lig (al, li, aur-a). The characteristic of auricleless is a spontaneous mutant type which has known as a monogenic recessive gene. The plant with the gene has erect leaf blades because of no auricle. The cultivar was derived from a cross between 'BGS60' and 'Kangbori'. 'BGS60' has the auricleless gene (li), while 'Kangbori' showed a high biomass with winter hardiness and resistance to BaYMV (Barley Yellow Mosaic Virus). Subsequent generations were handled by the bulk method in a pedigree selection program. A promising line showed both high yield and lodging resistance in the yield trials at Iksan in 2003 to 2004, and designated as Iksan414. The line was subsequently evaluated for winter hardiness, earliness, and yield in the seven locations around Korea for three years from 2005 to 2007 and was designated as "Dami" and released. It has the growth habit of III, erect plant type, green leaf and stem similar to the check cultivar 'Sunwoo' Its heading date was April 30, and maturing date May 31 in paddy field conditions, which were similar to those of 'Sunwoo' respectively. The cultivar Dami was 97 cm in culm length, had 643 spikes per $m^2$ and higher leaf dry weight, and better adaptability to dense planting, winter hardiness, and resistance to BaYMV than the check cultivar did. The average forage yield of "Dami" was about 12 ton $ha^{-1}$ in dry matter (33 ton $ha^{-1}$ in fresh matter) in paddy field. "Dami" also showed 7.5% of crude protein content, 28.5% of ADF (Acid Detergent Fiber), 50.1% of NDF (Neutral Detergent Fiber), and 66.4% of TDN (Total Digestible Nutrients), including higher grade of silage quality for whole crop barley. This cultivar would be suitable for the area where the daily minimum temperature of January is above $-8^{\circ}C$ in Korean peninsula.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.184-189
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• 2011

'Younghan' (Hordeum vulgare L.), a winter barley for forage use, was developed by the breeding team at the Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration in 2008. It was derived from a cross between $F_1$['YB3433-3B-5'/'YB3135-3B-2-3'] and 'YB3135-3B-2-3'. 'SB971305-B-B-B-4-4' line was selected for its earliness, resistance to disease and good agronomic characteristics. The promising line showed both high yield and lodging resistance in the yield trials in Iksan in 2004 to 2005, and designated as 'Iksan420'. The line was subsequently evaluated for winter hardiness, earliness, and yield at eight locations throughout Korea for two years from 2007 to 2008 and finally named as 'Younghan'. It has the growth habit of IV, erect plant type, green leaf and thick culm in diameter. Its heading date was April 24, and the maturing date was May 25 in paddy field conditions, which were one day earlier than those of the check cultivar 'Youngyang'. The cultivar 'Younghan' had better winter hardiness, and resistance to lodging and BaYMV than those of the check cultivar did. The average forage dry matter yield of 'Younghan' was approximately 12.0 MT/ha in adapted region. 'Younghan' also showed 8.5% of crude protein content, 27.2% of ADF, and 67.1% of TDN, including higher grade of silage quality for whole crop barley. This cultivar would be suitable for (area with daily minimum temperature in January) above $-8^{\circ}C$ in Korean peninsula.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.251-262
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• 2010

In order to provide quantitative control of the standard products of Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI), on-board radiometric correction, atmospheric correction, and bio-optical algorithm are obtained continuously by comprehensive and consistent calibration and validation procedures. The calibration/validation for radiometric, atmospheric, and bio-optical data of GOCI uses temperature, salinity, ocean optics, fluorescence, and turbidity data sets from buoy and platform systems, and periodic oceanic environmental data. For calibration and validation of GOCI, we compared radiometric data between in-situ measurement and HyperSAS data installed in the Ieodo ocean research station, and between HyperSAS and SeaWiFS radiance. HyperSAS data were slightly different in in-situ radiance and irradiance, but they did not have spectral shift in absorption bands. Although all radiance bands measured between HyperSAS and SeaWiFS had an average 25% error, the 11% absolute error was relatively lower when atmospheric correction bands were omitted. This error is related to the SeaWiFS standard atmospheric correction process. We have to consider and improve this error rate for calibration and validation of GOCI. A reference target site around Dokdo Island was used for studying calibration and validation of GOCI. In-situ ocean- and bio-optical data were collected during August and October, 2009. Reflectance spectra around Dokdo Island showed optical characteristic of Case-1 Water. Absorption spectra of chlorophyll, suspended matter, and dissolved organic matter also showed their spectral characteristics. MODIS Aqua-derived chlorophyll-a concentration was well correlated with in-situ fluorometer value, which installed in Dokdo buoy. As we strive to solv the problems of radiometric, atmospheric, and bio-optical correction, it is important to be able to progress and improve the future quality of calibration and validation of GOCI.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.21-29
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• 2021

Most concrete gravity-type dams in and out of the country were constructed by column method to control cracks caused by concrete hydration heat generated during construction, resulting in a certain level of leakage after impoundment through various causes, such as contraction joints and construction joints. However, due to the characteristics of concrete structures that shrink and expand according to temperature, concrete dams have vertical joints and drains to allow penetration. PVC waterproof shows excellent effects in completion of the dam, which however increases the possibility of interfacial failure due to different thermal expansion. Other causes of penetration may include problems with quality control during installation, generation of cracks due to heat of hydration of concrete, waterproofing methods, etc. In the case of Bohyunsan Dam in Yeongcheon, North Gyeongsang Province, the amount of drainage in the gallery was checked and underwater, and it was confirmed that there are many penetrations from drainage holes connected to vertical joints, and that some of the PVC waterproofs are not fully operated. As a new method to prevent penetration through vertical joints, D.S.I.M. (Dam Sealing Innovation Method) developed by World E&C was applied to Bohyunsan Dam and checked the amount of drainage in the gallery. As a result of first testing three most leaking vertical joints, the drain in the gallery was reduced by 87% on the average and then applied to the remaining 13 locations, which showed a 83% reduction effect based on the total drain in the gallery. Summing up these results, it was found that D.S.I.M. preventing water leakage from the upstream face is a valid construction method to reduce the water see-through and penetration quantity seen in downstream faces of concrete dams. If D.S.I.M. is applied to other concrete dams at domestic and abroad, it is expected that it will be very effective to prevent water leakage through vertical joints that are visible from downstream faces.