• 농업과학연구
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.114-122
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• 1988

This paper aims to identify the characteristics of the tenant farm's income compared with farm household consumption. Farm household surplus is a critical criteria for the reproduction of agriculture. The degree of self sufficiency of farm household consumption according to agricultural income was rapidly decreasing for the period of 1980's. Only 78.9 percents of farm household consumption was earned by agricultural income. Tenant farms were classified according to the following characteristics; self-supported, semi self-supported, leased, deleted, over-consumption. Self-supported tenants are one of the backbones of Korea's future agriculture, because they are able to meet their household needs by only their farm work without other income producing endeavors. The rent paid by those tenants surveyed was estimated at 26.2 percents of their farm household income. However, the national average for such rental payment is equivalent to 4.7 percents of farm household income. 63 percents of paddy rental fee was paid by inkind of rice and 80 percents of the upland rental fee was paid by cash. Self-supported farms as 20 percents of total surveyed should be the target of agricultural price policy and semi self-supported & over-consumption farms as 30 percents be that of rural development policy, and the other half be that of social welfare policy.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권12호
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• pp.51-61
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• 2021

If one is looking for an organization that will be responsive to community needs, stimulate economic growth, and raise people's income, cooperatives should be an obvious choice (Calkins & Ngo, 2005; Larocque et al., 2002). This paper investigates whether the households' income is affected by the access to cooperatives for the case of Phong Dien district, Can Tho city of Vietnam. Data used are directly collected from 250 households that are both participating (120 observations) and not participating in the cooperatives in Truong Long, Tan Thoi, Nhon Ai and Nhon Nghia communes. By using the Probit model, the findings show that there are three statistically significant factors affecting the ability of farm households to participate in the cooperatives at the 1 percent level including land area, distance to market center, and education level. In addition, the PSM model analysis suggests that the average income of cooperative members is significantly higher than that of non-members, about 40.880 million VND/year at the significance level of 1 percent. The empirical results imply that being a cooperative member is a significant contributory factor toward an increase in household income. Based on the research findings, several recommendations to improve the households' income are proposed.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.191-199
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• 2015

본 연구는 노인 소득원을 국가소득. 시장소득, 가구소득, 전체소득으로 구분하여 분담구조를 살펴보고, 노인특성에 따른 차이를 분석하여 노인특성에 맞는 노후소득보장체계 구축자료로 활용하기 위한 것이다. 분석결과 첫째, 노인 소득원은 시장소득이 305만원으로 가장 많았고, 국가 248만원, 가족 218만원의 순으로 시장에 많이 의존하고 있었다. 둘째, 인구사회학적 특성에 따라서는 남성노인이 여성보다 국가, 시장을 통해 소득을 많이 얻는 반면, 여성은 가족을 통해 많이 받고 있었다. 연령에 따라서는 시장소득은 젊은 노인일수록 월등히 많고, 가족소득은 고령 노인일수록 많았다. 시장소득이 많은 비중을 차지하는 노인소득구성의 특성상 경제활동을 할 수 있는 젊은 노인들의 전체소득이 많았다. 지역에 따라서는 국가소득, 가족소득은 도시화된 지역이 많은 반면, 시장소득은 읍면지역이 많았으며, 배우자 유 무에 따라서는 국가소득, 시장소득은 배우자가 있는 경우가 많은 반면, 가족소득은 없는 경우가 더 많았다. 셋째, 소득수준에 따라서는 국가소득, 시장소득은 고소득층이 가장 많은 반면 가족소득은 고소득층이 가장 적었다. 저소득층 노인의 경우 가족소득에 의존하고 있어서 빈곤상태가 지속될 가능성이 큰 것이다. 넷째, 건강상태에 따른 소득원별 차이를 분석한 결과 건강수준이 좋을수록 국가와 시장소득이 높고 낮을수록 가족 등 사적인 영역에 많이 의존하고 있었다. 이상의 분담구조별 차이는 요인분석결과에서도 동일하게 나타났다. 따라서 우리나라 노인은 시장과 가족소득 의존이 서구국가보다 높으며 여성, 저소득층, 건강상태가 나쁜 노인 등 취약한 특성을 가진 경우에 가족 시장소득에 많이 의존하고 있어서 공적소득지원체계의 보완이 필요하다.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제16권12호
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• pp.77-86
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• 2018

본 연구는 공적이전소득의 소득계층별 차이와 불평등 변화를 확인하기 위하여 수행된 연구로 1996년부터 2016년까지 가계동향조사 자료를 활용하여 소득계층별 공적이전소득 평균금액의 변화를 관찰하고 집중지수를 산출하였다. 주요연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 공적이전소득의 소득계층별 집중지수 산출결과, 1996년 공적이전소득 집중지수는 +0.2774로 고소득층에 집중되어 있었지만, 2009년 이후 집중지수가 음(-)의 값이 되면서 저소득층에 집중되는 현상이 2016년까지 지속되었다. 그러나 집중지수 절대 값이 적어서 소득재분배 효과가 크지 않은 것으로 판단된다. 둘째, 전체 평균 공적이전소득 대비 해당소득분위의 평균 공적이전소득의 비율변화를 확인한 결과, 저소득층의 평균 공적이전소득 증가가 매우 큰 반면에 고소득층은 적어서 전체 평균으로 수렴되어가는 현상이 발생하고 있었다. 저소득층에 제공되는 공적이전소득액이 적어서 소득불평등의 개선에 공적이전제도가 제 역할을 수행하지 못하던 것이 점차 개선되고 있는 것이다. 셋째, 공적이전소득의 소득계층별 평균액 변화를 확인한 결과 모든 소득계층에서 공적이전소득은 지속적으로 증가해왔으며, 그 증가속도가 저소득층이 빠르고 고소득층이 느려서 최근에는 저소득층의 공적이전소득이 고소득층에 비해서 많았다. 따라서 우리나라 소득계층별 공적이전 소득의 불평등은 점차 개선되고 있지만, 소득계층간 불평등을 개선할 수 있는 수준은 아닌 것으로 평가된다.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.87-98
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of wife's employment status on the household expenditures of timesaving market substitutes for houseworks. Seven expenditure categories were considered such as food away from home, convenient/prepared food, housing care service, clothing care service, childcare, supplemental education, and domestic services. The data were taken from 1999 Family Expenditure Survey by National Statistical Office. The sample consisted of 29,963 households with 33.2% dual-income households. The average monthly expenditure for food away from home was 127,795 won for dual-income households, while 103.100 won for single-income households. The expenditure for childcare of dual-income households was over six times of single-income households'. Dual-income households spent over ten times of single-income households for domestic services. For most expenditure categories, households with wife working at white-color jobs spent more than other dual-income households. After being other household characteristics to be constant, wife's occupation had found to be related with the household expenditures for most market substitutes. For the expenditures on both food away from home and childcare, employed-wife households with any kind of jobs were found to have higher possibility to spend and to be spent more than non-employed-wife households. The households with wife employed at white-color jobs spent more on clothing care service and domestic services than the households with the not working. Employed-wife households had higher possibility to spend on supplemental education, but they did not spend more on the expenditure, compared to nonemployed-wife households.

• 한국사회복지학
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.57-78
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• 2004

외환위기와 함께 본격적으로 등장한 빈곤문제가 위기의 진정에도 불구하고 위기 이전 수준으로 대폭 감소되지 않을까? 본 연구는 가구소비실태조사 자료를 이용한 1990년대 이후 빈곤추이 분석을 통해 이러한 물음에 답한다. 1990년대 전반기는 급속한 빈곤 감소를 특징으로 한다. 이 시기의 빈곤 감소에는 경제성장이 결정적인 요인으로 작용하였고 소득불평등도의 완화 또한 영향을 미쳤다. 1990년 후반에는 빈곤율이 크게 높아졌다. 경제성장의 침체로 소득수준은 감소하거나 정체상태에 머무른 한편, 소득불평등도가 증대되고 빈곤취약가구가 증가하는 인구학적 변화가 일어나 빈곤 증대를 초래하였다. 이러한 추이에는 주로는 경제활동을 수행하는 성인의 소득격차 확대가, 부차적으로는 노인가구의 증대가 영향을 미쳤다. 절대빈곤의 추이에서는 경제성장의 영향이 주로 부각되고, 상대빈곤의 추이에서는 분배구조 변화의 역할이 크게 나타난다. 준절대빈곤의 경우 1990년대 전반부에는 경제성장으로 상당한 빈곤감소가 발생하고 후반부에는 소득불평등 악화와 경제성장 정체로 빈곤증가가 이루어진 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.463-478
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• 2012

This study investigated the health and nutritional characteristics according to household income level and obesity in Koreans aged over 50 years based on the 2005 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Subjects were classified into 3 groups by average household income with reference to the minimum monthly living expenses (MLE): low (n = 319, < 100% MLE), middle (n = 222, < 200% MLE), high (n = 411, ${\geq}$ 200% MLE) and each group was compared by BMI index. With increasing income level, the prevalence of systolic hypertension and hyperlipidemia was increased. In the low income group, serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, and fasting glucose were higher in the obese compared with the normal. In the middle and high income groups, the prevalence of hyperlipidemia and diastolic hypertension were higher in the obese. Subjects had nutritional imbalance, such as inadequate intake of calcium and potassium. With increasing income level, the percentages of protein and fat to total calorie were increased in addition to the intakes and density of nutrients. The obese in the low income group had higher intakes of energy, protein, phosphorus and higher consumption frequency of cereals and potatoes compared with the normal. It was shown that the obese of the middle and high income groups tended to have lower consumption frequency of Korean cabbage and higher frequency of fruits. The obese of high income group also had binge drinking habit. Therefore, this study suggests that specific approaches based on economic status should be considered in developing nutrition education program for the elderly.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.337-350
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• 2008

The principal objective of this study was to assess the nutritional status and dietary quality in low-income elderly individuals residing at home (LH) or in health care facilities (LHCF) with dietitian. This study was conducted via anthropometric measurements, questionnaire interviews, and dietary surveys using a 24 hr recall method with 120 low-income elderly individuals (LHCF=46, LH=74). The average ages of the LH and LHCF group were 76.3 years and 78.6 years, respectively. The LH group evidenced a significantly higher frequency of skipping meals than the LHCF group. The average energy intakes of the LHCF and LH group were 1921.0 kcal and 1443.9 kcal, with a significant difference (p<0.001). Most of the nutrient intake and intake rates for recommended intake were significantly higher among the LHCF group as compared with the LH group. The LHCF group showed significantly higher values for the nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR), the mean adequacy ratio (MAR), nutrient density (ND), and the index of nutritional quality (INQ) by dietary qualitative estimation than in the LH group. The Korean diet diversity scores (KDDS) were 3.66 for LH group and 4.93 for the LHCF group, thus were significantly higher in the LHCF group than in the LH group. The results of the present study demonstrate that the LH group appeared to experience more dietary problems than the LHCF group. It was suggested that nutritional education is needed for low-income elderly individuals living at home, in order for them to learn proper dietary management. This can be achieved via educational programs in social welfare institutions, incentives toward employment as a dietitian, and implementation of community-based support.

• 한국시뮬레이션학회논문지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.27-34
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• 2024

본 연구는 OECD 평균 수준의 소득대체율 대비 실현 소득대체율이 부족할 위험을 최소화하는 자산배분안을 제안하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 소득대체율 부족 위험을 정의하고 이를 최소화하는 최적 자산배분안을 퇴직연금제도 가입기간, 가입자 소득수준, 추가부담금 수준별로 산출하여 제시하였다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 투자의 대상으로 주식과 예금을 고려하였으며 주식의 경우 GBM 모형에 몬테카를로 시뮬레이션을 수행하여 수익률 분포를 생성하였다. 분석결과, 퇴직연금제도 가입 기간이 30년 이하인 경우, 가입자는 적립금의 최소 70~80%를 위험자산에 투자해야 소득대체율 부족 위험을 최소화할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 다만, 가입자가 부담금을 추가 납부할 경우 위험자산의 최적 투자 비중은 큰 폭으로 하락하였으며, 이러한 효과는 저소득자에서 크게 나타났다. 따라서, OECD 평균 수준의 소득대체율을 달성하기 위해 정부는 가입자들이 일정 수준 이상의 적립금을 위험자산에 투자할 수 있도록 유인하는 가운데 저소득층에게는 추가부담금 납입을 유인하기 위한 보조금 정책 등을 검토할 필요가 있다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.181-197
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• 1970

Farm households consumption pattern from 1960 to 1968 was analized as follows. First, the influence of the price on the consumption pattern was observed by year for 9 years. Second, the influence of farm households and by size of the consmption pattern was analized by year for whole household and by size of the arable land. Third, the present status and problems of farm families consumption pattern was attempted to be found out compared with the pattern of all families of Seoul. Forth, the pattern of food expenditure which has the largest proportion in the living expenditure was analized. Following results and conclusions are obtained from the above analysis.1. The average nominal increase rate of all farm households has been increased gradually for 9 years, mostly due to the rise in household goods prices paid by farmers. 2. The living expenditure varies with the price and the disposal income, The influence of the latter is greater than that of the former. 3. The Engel's Coefficient of farmers. the average of which was 54.9%, recently tends to decrease gradually. The larger is the size of arable land, the lower is the Coefficient of farm households. But the Coefficient of farm households is higher than that of city families. 4. In general the proportion of food expenditure has a great influence on the consumption pattern, The average percentage of miscellaneous expenditure is 23.9% and it is next to food expenditure. The relationship between them is going reversely. Housing expenditure has usually the constant proportion. But the difference of the proportion between farm households (4.0%) and city families (17.1%) is considerable. Clothing expenditure and fuel and light expenditure have small variations. The former tends to increase with the income, and the latter tends to decrease with it or is constant. 5. Considering the food expenditure pattern, the average percentage (78.4%)of staple food of farm household is remarkably high compared with Seoul (48.3%) and other cities (54.0%). The decrease of the percentage of staple food expenditure in farm households is not so much as cities. 6. The propertion of the staple food expenditure of Farm families don't have so much differences by the size of arable land. But the rice proportion of staple foods has the tendency to increase with the income level. Subsidery food expenditure doesn't increase by year and by size of the land, while the consumption of meat and manufactured foods tends to increase with size of the land. But even big farm households don't reach to the level of cities in consumption of them. 7. Food consumption pattern may be influenced by the factors such as the knowledge of wife about nutrition, customs, consumption habits, and so on. The difference between farm households and city families in food consumption pattern is inferred from the above factors. Presently, the increasing income of the people promote the consumption of all items of living expenditure both in cities and farm households. But the Engel's Coeffcient and the proportion of the staple food expenditure is expected to decrease in farm households more than in cities.