• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.137-142
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• 2018

The aim of this paper was to analyze the determinants of farm household income in the Gyeongbuk province. Data from 5,254 villages in the Gyeongbuk province were used. The main results are as follows. First, the percentage of self-supporting villages for fishing villages was 10.8%, which was higher than the average of 6.4%; however, the percentage of self-supporting villages for mountain villages was only 2.7 percent. Second, the level of income was estimated to positively correlate with the ratio of the roof improvement rate, a sisterhood relationship, farming households, and the number of people under the age of 14. Finally, the results show that variables such as age, farming percentage, roof improvement ratio, and a sisterhood relationship were significant. When the percentage for the roof improvement ratio was higher, the ratio for a sisterhood relationship with another city was higher, and when the proportion of farmers was higher, the average income of the village was higher. Based on the results from the above analysis, the following policy implications are suggested. First, the income levels of rural villages in the 1970s are related to the Saemaul project in Korea. In other words, the Saemaul project contributed to improving the farming household income by direct and indirect methods. Second, it can be seen that it is important to develop policies that take into account different village types within rural areas.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.10 no.4 s.25
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• pp.39-44
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• 2004

This study aims to suggest new development strategy for rural villages considering their tourism income. In order to select the several study villages, the present study surveyed roughly the outline for resource characteristics about green-tourism of 83 rural tourist villages introduced on the internet. On the five rural villages, which are Moondang-ri, Yangsoo-ri, Molwoon-ri(Tomato-village), Yongsan-ri(Yongbayi-gol), and Kaya-ri(Ogam-village) located on Chungnam, Kyunggi, Kangwon, Chungbuk, and Kyunggi province, this study surveyed detailed data on the tourism income. The results show that the food sales business in the village makes about 50% of the total village income per year from the tourist, and followed by agricultural products sale, stay in farmhouses, and experience activity in the villages. The average total income of the five villages was estimated 93 million won per year and the average income per household was 1.5 million won in the study villages. The study suggests new strategy with the three kinds of important components for the rural village development considering the analysis results such as the bringing up of human resources for the village management and developing experience program for tourist, the characterization of agricultural products in the village, and the remodeling of village amenity environment for tourists.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.175-193
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• 2018

This study identified the rate of income poverty and multidimensional poverty, correlation between income poverty and multidimensional poverty, and adjusted multidimensional poverty rate. We also analyzed the factors that affected the number of poverty dimension and the probability of belonging to the poor or not in 3,159 elderly households including 474 poor households and 2,685 middle class households. First, in poor households, the employment poverty rate was the highest and the housing poverty rate was the lowest. In middle class households, the relation poverty rate was the highest and the employment poverty rate was the lowest. Second, in poor households, correlation between asset poverty and relation poverty had the highest coefficient of .205 and asset poverty and housing poverty had the lowest coefficient of .149. In middle class households, the correlation between income poverty and relation poverty had highest coefficient of -.290 and employment poverty and relation poverty had the lowest coefficient of .038. Third, in poor households, the number of average poverty dimension was 4.30, but the number of average poverty dimensions of middle class households was 2.310. Fourth, the variable affecting the number of poverty dimensions in poor households were gender, age, level of education, marital status; however, the significant variables were gender, education level, marital status, income poverty in the middle class households. The variable that affected the probability of belonging to the poor or not in poor households was age. However, the significant variables were gender, education level, marital status, residence, and income poverty in middle class households.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.173-180
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• 2019

This study determined the economic impact of environment-friendly cultivation and the optimal cultivation area of Omija (Korean for Schisandra chinensis Baillon) for full-time farmers by analyzing the management performance of existing Omija cultivators. The study divided the target income into urban household income and Omija farm income, and estimate the optimal cultivation area by substituting the target profit from the cost-volume-profit analysis model. The optimum cultivation area was 1.4 ha for general cultivation, 1.08 ha for organic cultivation, and 1.18 ha for pesticide-free farming cultivation considering the average urban household income as the target, and 0.81 ha for general cultivation, 0.63 ha for organic cultivation, and 0.69 ha for pesticide-free farming, considering the average 2012 farm household income as the target. Therefore, the study reached conclusion that it is necessary to secure the price of Omija farm and stable support for income increase. Therefore, the support plan for income stabilization of Omija farm should be considered. Especially, the central government should provide various policies and financial support to help the optimal cultivation area of Omija Farm.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.24-28
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• 1993

Even though the price level of organic rice is 20% higher than conventional product, 25% of the total surveyed consumers are willing to purchse organic rice of different income level, the monthly average income was 1, 100, 000Won. 35% of the total consumers in this income class is willing to purchase organic rice.

• Journal of Consumption Culture
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.93-118
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a householder's working type on household saving from the perspective of precautionary saving behavior theory and the determinants of household saving by householder's working type. The data for this study was from the 2009 year of the Korea Welfare Panel Survey (KOWEPS), consisting of 2,463 households with householders whose working type was regular or non-regular employment(temporary, daily or public work). OLS regression analyses and Chow-tests were performed. In the regression analyses, the dependent variables for household saving were precautionary saving and precautionary asset. Precautionary saving was operationalized with the amount of average monthly saving and the ratio of average monthly saving to average monthly disposable income, and precautionary asset was operationalized with the amount of financial assets and the ratio of financial assets to net assets. The independent variables were household income, household assets, householder's working type(regular, non-regular), householder's age, sex, education level and marriage status, income level, the number of household members, housing type, debt, and public transfer income. Monthly average total consumption expenditures for household income, and net assets for household assets, the existence of spouse for marriage status, poverty for income level were used. Public transfer income was classified into three, social insurance, basic assistance and government assistance. For the analyses, Stata 11.0 version was used. The results are as follows: Householder's working type was significantly related to the precautionary saving behavior of a household. However, the precautionary saving and the precautionary asset of a household with a householder in non-regular working type was lower than those of a household with a householder in regular working type. This result is not consistent with the expectation from the perspective of precautionary saving behavior that the saving of a household with a householder in non-regular working type is expected to be higher than that of a household with a householder in regular working type. According to the analyses of the determinants for precautionary saving behavior by householder's working type, monthly average total consumption expenditures, debt, net assets, poverty, the number of household members, basic assistance were statistically significant variables. The positive relation of basic assistance to precautionary saving(the amount of average monthly saving and the ratio of average monthly saving)is a noteworthy result in the analyses of the determinants for household saving by householder's working type. The above results suggest the followings. First, it is easy to predict the unstability of economic life of a household with a householder in non-regular working type because of relatively low precautionary saving and precautionary asset. The reason for the low precautionary saving and the low precautionary asset may be a low current income of the household in spite of its willingness to save. If this reasoning is possible, it suggests that policies are needed for households with householders in non-regular working type to save. Second, the relatively low precautionary saving and precautionary asset of a household with a householder in non-regular working type suggest also their long-term economic stability. This suggests they need to try a long-term financial planning even though they have limitations to save for future because of their low current income. It is necessary to develop the financial planning for the households with unstable incomes. Third, the determinants for precautionary saving behavior by householder's working type were mostly the ones which reflect the economic condition of a household. This suggests that the economic condition of a household is a core factor for household saving. Consequently, it emphasizes the efforts for a household to acquire the adequate level of income for saving. Forth, the positive relation of basic assistance to precautionary saving(the amount of average monthly saving and the ratio of average monthly saving) suggests the possibility for a household to accumulate the precautionary saving and the precautionary asset in the channel of basic assistance.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.4
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• pp.504-511
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• 2009

This study to understand the production cost of cultivation in chestnut tree (Castanea spp.) as a result of a survey conducted of 227 farmers is as follows. In full-time farmer, average cultivation area was 5.5 hectares and average chestnut production was 1.6 tons per hectare. In chestnut sale type, more than 73% of total production was sold by Nong-hyup (7an agricultural cooperative association) and intermediaries, and also proportion of nut size grade was 18% in special-large nut, following 49% in large nut, 25% in middle nut and 8% in small nut. There was considerable difference among cultivated regions in gross income, whereas total average gross income was 2,103 thousand KRW per hectare and 66.4% of it was used in management expenses. Finally the chestnut cultivated farmers have a yearly income of 706 thousands KRW (net income rate 33.6%). As peculiarity of regional production cost, a low tree farm in height and a labor intensive growing helped the improved quality of the chestnut so, on average, 2,161 thousand KRW per hectare of the income of the Chungnam was raised. However caused by an old-age of chestnut trees, there was a little input to management expenses and it resulted in low productivity in the Jeonnam and the Gyeongnam.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.141-169
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• 2009

This study investigated the effect of the money resource on the resource use behaviors of undergraduate students. The aim of the study was the examination of the relationship between undergraduate income and clothes-purchasing behavior. A total of 415 undergraduates residing in Gwangju City and Chonnam Province were interviewed by means of a questionnaire. SPSS 12.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Cronbach's $\alpha$, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Duncan's multiple range analysis and chi-square analysis were all conducted to acquire the results. The main results of this study are as follows. First, the average undergraduate income average was relatively high. Second, the motive for clothing purchases by undergraduates was to buy clothes similar to those which they already had. The undergraduates acquired their purchasing information from past experiences of buying clothes and considered design, quality and color when choosing their clothing. They purchased their clothes at retail stores and on average bought clothes about once a month. Although theaverage monthly expenditure on clothes was over 100,000 won, in general, the undergraduates spent between 50,000 and 100,000 won a month. They mainly paid cash when they purchased their clothes. Third, by analyzing the income, clothes-purchasing behavior, and clothes purchasing frequency of undergraduates, significant statistical differences in average monthly clothes expenditure and payment methods were detected. The results of the study can be used to understand the patterns of undergraduate money resource usage behaviors and can be utilized as an educational resource at home and within educational institutions.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.594-608
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• 1998

Comparative studies regarding the nutritional status of 93 home-living elderly people taking free congregate lunch meals(FL) and 87 middle income class elderly people(MI) were performed in Taejon city. Data was obtained from questionaires, anthropometry and interviews for the 24-hour dietary recall of 2 nonconsecutive days during August, 1996. The average age for FL was 75.8 years. The monthly familly income for FL belonged to the low-income class. FL females had lower heights and weights than MI females. The average daily nutritional intake of both FL and MI were low, particularly in FL whose %RDA of energy was 68.5%, protein 65%, Ca 29.6%, Fe 50.8%, vitamin A 34.5%, vitamin E 30.5%, riboflavin 40.6%, vitamin C 76.9%. MI's %RDA of energy was 76.4%, protein 80.a2%, Ca 48.1%, Fe 78.6%, vitamin A 67.3%, vitamin E 117.4%, riboflavin 45.6%, vitamin C 136.5%. Comsumption of Zn, vitamin $B_6$ and folic daily average. There was no nutrient having average INQ(Index of nutritional quality) over 1 for either group. The INQs for protein, Ca, Fe and vitamin A were 0.802, 0.377, 0.625 and 0.296 in FL, and 0.900, 0.601, 0.784 and 0.602 in MI, respectively. The MAR(Mean adequacy ratio) was low with the value of 0.500-0.518 in FL and 0.630-0.723 in MI. The percentage of main nutrients from lunch was the highest among the three meals for FL males, while that from breakfast was the highest for MI. Free lunches taken by FL supported higher percentages of main nutrients than home-lunches taken by MI. Eating-out was done more frequently by MI than by FL and that eating-out brought them more nutritional intake. The above data indicated that the dietary nutritional intake status of the FL elderly was very poor in both quantity and quality and that free congregate lunch significantly contributed to the daily nutrient-intake for the FL elderly.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.12
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• pp.647-655
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• 2020

This study introduced income mobility analysis using pseudo-longitudinal panel data from Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES) to consider the dynamic process of individual's well-being through time. Since there is no comprehensive measurement of income mobility because of its dynamic process, various income mobility indices such as Chi-square, Average Jump Index, Atkinson et al. Mobility Ratio, and Shorrocks' Mobility Index were used. These indices revealed that Filipino households' income movements are more mobile than expected, and their income status improved from 2000 to 2015. As income mobility takes place, income inequality is reduced by 91.80 percent (91.80%). Furthermore, the growth effect is the main factor of income mobility. This indicates that households took the economic opportunities from economic growth to earn more. However, income mobility due to transfer effect (transfer of income from one household to another through lottery winning and borrowing) increased when the economy is not good. The higher income mobility due to growth effect compared to transfer effect, whether the economy is good or bad, means that households learned how to use their income in savings, investments, and entrepreneurship. This is the result of a successful financial literacy program of the government wherein households realized financial stability and security.