• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.98-106
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• 1982

This study was carried out to investigate the nutritional status of physically handicapped children with cerebral palsy in order to contribute to their welfare by studying their healthy status, nutrient intake, daily energy expenditure, and living environment. The survey was conducted at two rehabilitation institutions from May 25 to June 30, 1981. A special questionnaire was designed to investigate the living environment. The 24 hr. recall method was used in evaluation the nutrient intake of 67 children. Anthropometric measurement was made of height, weight, chestgirth, upper-arm circumference, and triceps skinfold thickness. The biochemical status of the children with cerebral palsy was assessed with measurement of hemoglobin and hematocrit. The results may be summarized as follows : 1. The children with cerebral palsy, the intakes of all nutrients except vitamin A, thiamin, and ascorbic acid were lower than Korean recommend dietary allowances (1980). They had significantly higher intakes of vitamin A and calcium than the normal children, but the calcium intake was low as 62% of the Korea RDA. 2. All the children with cerebral palsy were very short and low weight in comparison with the accepted standards, but chestgirth was above the accepted standards for Korean school children. 3. The average hemoglobin value was 12.2gm%, hematocrit 39.3%, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) 31.1%. 4. The possible etiological factors of cerebral palsy were, prenatal factors 16%, natal 44.9%, postnatal 27.5%, and unknown 11.6%. Eighty four percent of the children showed their first symptoms within the first year after birth. 5. Thirty percent of the parents said that the handicapped children lead to marital problems, and 84.1% of the parents mentioned that medical expenses for the children influenced their family finances.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.11
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• pp.1553-1561
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• 2013

Forty-eight crossbred heifers ($378.1{\pm}18$ kg) were used in a 56-d feeding trial (four pens per treatment in a randomised complete block design) to evaluate the influence of ionophore supplementation on growth performance, dietary energetics and carcass characteristics in finishing cattle during a period of heat stress. Heifers were fed a diet based on steam-flaked corn (2.22 Mcal $NE_m/kg$) with and without an ionophore. Treatments were: i) control, no ionophore; ii) 30 mg/kg monensin sodium (RUM30); iii) 20 mg/kg lasalocid sodium (BOV20), and iv) 30 mg/kg lasalocid sodium (BOV30). Both dry matter intake (DMI) and climatic variables were measured daily and the temperature humidity index (THI) was estimated. The maximum THI during the study averaged 93, while the minimum was 70 (THI average = $79.2{\pm}2.3$). Compared to controls, monensin supplementation did not influence average daily gain, the estimated NE value of the diet, or observed-to-expected DMI, but tended (p = 0.07) to increase (4.8%) gain to feed. Compared to controls, the group fed BOV30 increased ($p{\leq}0.03$) daily gain (11.8%), gain to feed (8.3%), net energy of the diet (5%), and observed-to-expected DMI (5.2%). Daily weight gain was greater (7.6%, p = 0.05) for heifers fed BOV30 than for heifers fed MON30. Otherwise, differences between the two treatments in DMI, gain to feed, and dietary NE were not statistically significant (p>0.11). Plotting weekly intakes versus THI, observed intake of controls was greater (p<0.05) at THI values ${\leq}77$ than ionophore groups. When THI values were greater than 79, DMI of control and MON30 were not different (p = 0.42), although less than that of groups fed lasalocid (p = 0.04). Variation in energy intake was lower (p>0.05) in the ionophores group (CV = 1.7%) than in the control group (CV = 4.5%). Inclusion of ionophores in the diet resulted in relatively minor changes in carcass characteristics. It is concluded that ionophore supplementation did not exacerbate the decline of DM intake in heat-stressed cattle fed a high-energy finishing diet; on the contrary, it stabilised feed intake and favoured feed efficiency. Ionophore supplementation reduced estimated maintenance coefficients around 10% in finishing cattle during a period of heat stress. This effect was greatest for heifers supplemented with 30 mg lasalocid/kg of diet.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.197-202
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate basic factors of obesity, nutrient intakes, behaviors of dietary life, daily energy expenditure and emphasize on the necessity of school education. Because the growing prevalence of obesity have required a need for health education in school. The results were as follows. 1. The average height of boys and girls was l59${\pm}$13cm(boys), l54${\pm}$11cm(girls). The average weight of them was 68${\pm}$16kg(boys), 70${\pm}$13kg(girls). BMI(body mass index) of them was 26.9${\pm}$3.4(boys), 29.5${\pm}$2.9(girls). 2. For energy and protein, the average intakes of subjects were higher than recommended dietary allowances for Koreans(7th Ed). The average intakes of vitamin A and ascorbic acid were much lower than the recommended dietary allowances. 3. Most of subjects prefer fast food, rich snacks and overeating, irregular meal amount and these dietary behaviors were severe problems. 4. Total energy expenditure was 1,933kcal in boys and 1,789kcal in girls. To reduce weight and treat obesity, the required energy intake to subjects was 1,546kcal(boys) and 1,431kcal(girls). If we prepared the effective program for obesity, school education should be integrated within the larger community. Parents of students and students may be educated to make good health changes in the home. Nutrition education has a direct impact on their life style of their food intake and nutritional status. The use of multi-component obesity treatments will be effective in a school setting. It is more effective to encourage health habits in school, house and it should be integrated within the larger community.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.11-23
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• 1978

This study is based on data from the nutritional and clinical survey in Chung Nam area, namely Myl-Yang-Ri, Yoon-Gok-Myon, Chyung Yang Koon. Under the direction of two Nutrition professors and two clinical pathology professors it was carried by 35 Dae Jeun medical Junior College students majoring in nutrition and clinical pathology from 18 July to 25 July 1978. The nutrition surveys were carried out with subjects in village from a total 67 households, 36 of them were randomly selected. The clinical surveys were carried out with subjects in village from a total 382 inhabitant, 154 inhabitant were randomly selected and 109 peoples were subjected to stool examination. The results obtained in this study are summarized as follows. 1) Nutritional survey a) Food Intake The average food intake per person per day in survey area was 929.9 grams (95.5% in vegetables and 4.5% in animal foods). The average consumption of the basicfood groups per person per day was 965g for meats and legumes (10.4% of the total food in take). 268.9g for fruits and vegetables (29% of the total food intake), 559.1g for cereals and potatoes(60.1% of the total food intake), 5.2g for milk and small fishes and 0.2g for fats and oils. b) Nutrient Intake The average daily consumption of calories and nutrients was 2054.1 kcal and 61.2g for total proteins, 223.2mg for calcium, 9.5mg for iron, 4914.4 IU for vitamin A, 1.5mg for thiamin, 1.2mg for riboflavin, 19.9mg for niacin and 54.7mg for ascorbic acid. When these figures are compared with the recommended allowances for Korean, the calories and nutrients intakes were insufficient. Especially the intakes of the calcium were lower than the recommended allowance which are 500 milligrams per day. c) Kinds of food stuffs consumed The kinds of food stuffs consumed by the subjects were 47 figures total. Generally these kinds of food were vegetables food. 2) Clinical Survey a) The mean value of hemoglobin from 72 males was 13.2g/dl, that of 82 females was 12.3g/dl. b) The proportion of low hemoglobin (<12.2g/dl for male and <11.3g/dl fo female) for male was 20.8%, females was 11.0% and from 24 male & female (both sexes) were 15.6% c) The mean value of Hematocrit of males was 39.6%, that of females was 37.4%. d) The mean value of MCHC of males was 33.9%, that of females was 33.6%. e) The ABO blood group was distributed as following; 30.5%, for group O, 29.2% for group A, 24.0% for group B, and 16.3% for AB group. Biochemical race index was 1.13. f) The over all prevalence rate of heminthic infectious by rate of each helminth was as following; Ascaris lumbricoides 33.9%, Thrichocephalus trichiurus 11.9%, Hookworm 0.9%, Hymenolepis diminuta 0.9%, Trichostromgylus orientalis 0.9% and the prevalence rate of two more helminthic infection was 7.2%.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.451-459
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• 2006

The purpose of our study was to evaluate an association between milk consumption and bone mineral density (BMD) of female college students in Korea. The dietary data of 1,410 Korean college students living in the vicinity of Seoul area were collected through the Food Frequency Questionnaire. The mean age, height, weight and 8MI of the subjects were 20.4 years, 162.1 cm, 52.7 kg, and $20.0\;kg/m^2$ respectively. The mean intakes of energy, protein, and phosphorus were 2,398.7 kcal, 95.2 g, and 1,302.9 mg respectively, which were above their EER or Recommended Intake (RI), but the mean intake of calcium was 657.8 mg which was below its RI, and 44.0% of the subjects did not meet Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) of calcium. The daily milk consumption was 131.1 g, and the total consumption of milk and dairy product was 228.7 g. Forty five percent of the subjects consumed $50{\sim}200\;g$ of milk or dairy products. After the analysis of their dietary intakes, the subjects were divided into quintiles of total consumption of milk and dairy product, which were considered as major source of dietary calcium. Ninety two subjects from the upper quintile (UQ) and 85 subjects from the lower quintile (LQ) were selected and their bone mineral densities (BMD) of lumbar spine (L1-L4) and the femur were examined by the dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The BMD $(g/cm^2)$of L1, L2, L3, and average of femur were 1.065, 1.150, 1.187, and 0.988 for the UQ subjects, which were significantly higher than those of the LQ subjects, 1.010, 1.090, 1.146, and 0.942 respectively. Moreover, the T-scores of the UQ were significantly higher than those of the LQ. The prevalence rates of osteopenia classified according to WHO's criterion were 12.0% in the UQ. and 20.0% in the LQ group which showed non significant. Blood levels of calcium, and phosphorus of UQ and LQ group were both within the normal range, and were not significantly different. Our results showed that UQ group presented the better status of bone mineral density and bone health. Therfore our results suggest that continuous consumption of more than one and a half cups of milk per day, which corresponds to the least amount of UQ group's consumption, would affect positively on the bone health of Korean adults.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.1018-1027
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate nutrients intake and health-related behaviors in elderly people residing in Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk who have no problem in daily living. Information on general characteristics of the elderly, health-related behaviors and dietary habits were obtained by interview based on questionnare. Dietary nutrients intake data were obtained through the 24 recall method. The subject group of this study was composed of 113 males and 112 females, the average age being $73.1\pm6.06$ years old. In health related factors, $76.9\%$ of subjects exercised regularly. The rates of alcohol drinking and smoking showed to be $38.2\%\;and\;22.2\%$, respectively. There were many elderly with neuralgia, hypertension, and gastrointestinal disease, especially female were worse. Average heights of the subjects were lower than the standard established in the Korean Recommended Dietary Allowances, and average weights were similar to the standards. The mean BMI and WHR were 24.8 (male 23.7, female 25.7) and 0.92 (male 0.92, female 0.89), respectively. Most of the subjects had a regular meal pattern comsuming three meals a day, and many elderly, especially more than $79.5\%$ of female, prepared the meals for themselves. Mean daily energy intakes and RDA percentage of energy intakes of the male and female subjects were estimated as 1426.9kcal $(79.3\%)$ and 1381.3 kcal $(86.3\%)$, respectively. Mean daily intakes of nutrients were estimatied as 48.1g for protein, 411.3mg for calcium, 8.05mg for iron, 541.8 R.E. for vitamin A, 0.84mg for vitamin $B_1$, and 0.79mg for vitamin $B_2$. Most nutrients except protein, clacium, iron and vitamin $B_2$ were consumed over $75\%$ of the RDA. Female elderly showed significant lower intakes (p<0.05) for most of the nutrients except calcium, phosphorus and vitamin ethan the elderly male.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.159-168
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• 1997

This study was conducted to examine the effects of Na, K intake and stress level on the blood pressure and urinary excretion of Na, K in the third grade lacto-ovo vegetable male high school students. Twenty-one lacto-ovo vegetarian male high school students were selected, and their physical state, stress level, dietary intake and urinary excretion of Na, K were measured followed by examining the relationship among these factors and blood pressure. The results of the study can be summarized as follows : 1. The average age of the subjects was 17.7 years, and the average score of BMI was 20.4. The average score of Rohrer and blood pressure were 119.1, 112.3/7.5mmHg, each. All of these were in a normal range. Daily calorie intake was 2676.8kcal and Na, K intakes were 152.76mEq, respectively. 2. 71.4% of subjects were susceptible to the disease associated with stress, although there was no significant difference among the salt level, stress and blood pressure. 3. There was significant difference between dietary Na intake ratio, urinary Na excretion and urinary K excretion rate (p<0.001). 4. There was significant difference between systolic blood pressure and BMI/Rohrer score(p<0.01).

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.91-100
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of smoking on nutrition intake, bone mineral density and blood mineral status. The subjects were composed of two groups: 100 smokers and 100 non-smokers was used along with a questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements, dietary intakes using 24-hours recall method were compared. At twenty subjects from each group were selected, bone mineral density were measured by quantitative ultrasound and plasma mineral levels were analyzed by ICP spectrometer. The average ages of smokers and non-smokers were 23.9 and 22.8 years old, respectively. The height, weight and BMI of the smokers were no significant difference. The average numbers of smoked cigarettes were 11.8/d and the average packyear was 3.1 in the smokers. About $97\%$ of the smokers drank alcoholic beverages, while $85\%$ of the non-smokers did. The smokers tended to eat less meals and dinner meal, but drink coffee more often compared to the non-smokers. The mean daily energy intake and CPF energy intake ratio were 2184. 9 kcal and 57.2 : 13.7 : 26.4 in the smokers and 2262.6 kcal and 55.8 : 13.1 : 28.6 in the non-smokers. The smokers consumed significantly lower intake of $\beta$-carotene. There were no significant differences in bone mineral density of BUA, SOS and QUI. There were no significant differences in plasma levels of Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn. However, plasma Cu level of the smokers was significantly higher than that of the non-smokers. In conclusion, the smokers of this study showed a more undesirable dietary intake in the light of their low ,B -carotene and high alcoholic beverages, and coffee. The plasma Cu level of the smokers was higher than that of the non-smokers, showing that Cu is involved in smoking. Therefore, it could be suggested that more systematic research be conducted with respect to Cu and smoking and that increased nutrition education and guidelines for smokers are required.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.307-317
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• 1999

To assess the food intake and diet quality of Koreans living in rural areas with discriminative environment, this dietary survey was conducted with 553 subjects living in five different rural areas using a one-day, 24-hour recall method. The average weight of total food intake was 1066g, with vegetable and animal food comprising 83.75 and 16.3% of total food intake, respectively. The average daily food intakes of residents in the five areas were 985g, 1005g, 1028g, 1318g, and 964g, and were significantly different(p<0.001). Residents of Ulju consumed the largest amount of food, 1318g. The total number of food items consumed was 336. The foods consumed in largest amounts were rice(223g), Korean cabbage-Kimch'i(111g), and soybean curd(41g). The foods consumed most frequently were rice, Korean cabbage-Kimchi, green onion and garlic. When investigating the consumption pattern of the major five food groups, only 5% of subjects consumed all five groups. The groups most frequently missing were dairy products and fruits. The average number of foods consumed per day was 16.8, but differed significantly by area(p<0.001). The number of major food groups (DDS, dietary diversity score) and that of food items(DVS, dietary variety score) correlated positively with NAR (nutrient adequacy ratio) and MAR (mean adequacy ratio). People with a DDS of above 4 or DVS of above 20 met two-thirds of the recommended dietary allowance for most nutrients. When assessing the dietary quality of subjects using DDS and DVS, many people appeared not to have a desirable food intake. dietary guidelines should be made considering the nutritional characteristics of different areas to improve the health of people living in those areas.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.3-14
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to estimate the nutrient intake, dietary habits, and body indices among preschool children. The study subjects were 166 kindergarten children, aged 4 to 6 years. A measurement of the weight, height, chest circumference, and head circumference of the children was conducted. The general home environment and factors related to the eating habits of children were collected using a questionnaire that included information about physical activity, outdoor playing time, television watching, family income, and parents education and occupations. Underweight, overweight were defined based on a value of less than 110 and more than 140 on the Rohrer Index, or less than 90 and more than 120 on the weight-length index (WLI). The average Rohrer and WLI for the preschool children were 14.3 $\pm$ 23.2% and 104 $\pm$ 13.5%. Using the WLI, 12.7% of the preschool children were underweight 62.6% were normal, and 24.7% were overweight or obese. On the Rohrer Index, 32.0% of the preschool children were underweight, 34.7% were normal, and 34.1% were overweight or obese. With regard to frequency of regularity of eating breakfast, 2.5% of preschool children skipped breakfast every morning. The risk of being overweight increased in preschool children who had faster eating times. The Rohrer and WLI were negatively related to faster eating times. The average daily energy intake was 1272 Kcal, which corresponded to 79.5% of the Korean RDA. In particular, the average intakes of calcium, iron, and vitamin B$_2$ were much lower than the Korean RDAs for each of those nutrients. Children whose mothers had occupations were at greater risk of decreased nutrient intake than those whose mothers were at home. The data presented in this study confirm that, in preschool children, undernutrition remains the nutritional problem of great concern in Korea, even though Koreans are starting to have worrisome rates of overweight. Therefore, during the early years of life, focus should remain on sustaining Proper growth and development.