• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.242-254
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• 2023

Although upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) are common diseases, there have been no studies of their relationship with the indices obtained from tongue image analyses. The purpose of this study was to identify a tongue index through an analysis of tongue images (TIs) showing significant changes before and after treatment in patients with URTIs. A computerized tongue image acquisition system was developed to acquire TIs from subjects in the same environment. An image was taken from each of 39 URTI patients and 39 healthy controls. For the patients, images were acquired before and after treatment to identify changes. The tongue area was classified into a tongue body and a tongue coating, and the coating ratio between the two areas, the average value of the colour of each area, and teeth marks were calculated. No significant difference was observed in age or sex between the URTI patients and control participants. Heart rates were slightly different. The analysis of TIs showed that the luminance of the tongue coating and the coating area ratio were decreased, while the reddish value of the tongue body at the centre area increased as the treatment progressed. Tongue coating and body in URTIs had different colour and shape from those in the normal. It is expected that this result will contribute not only to the objectification of traditional Chinese medicine but also to diagnostic methods that do not involve face-to-face physician visit during the pandemic.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.51-58
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• 2018

G-SEED has been introduced with the aim of reducing energy use and resources since 2002, as the system of certificating environmental friendliness of buildings to create comfortable environment. This study analyzed the changes of certification standard of G-SEED since the revision in 2016, comparing certification results of office buildings by grade, category and certification items between G-SEED 2013-2 version and revised version of 2016. Also, this study analyzed the average points and their standard deviation of certification items including both deleted items and newly added items and extracted items needed to be reviewed in the future revision. In the revision, G-SEED has been extended its certification system to involve existing buildings and Innovative Design categories newly introduced with revising the certification items and difficulties. In revised version of G-SEED, the certification grade appeared to change its acquisition ratio decreasing Green2 and increasing Green4, during Green1 and Green3 were similar in proportion. The average scores by categories appeared decrease in Energy and Environmental Pollution category and Materials and Resources category, on the other hand, Maintenance category appeared the highest increase in the average score. Otherwise, Land Use and Transportation, Water Circulation, Ecology, Indoor Environment categories appeared similar average scores both version of G-SEED. In addition, the Innovative Design which was newly introduced category, seems to expect gradual gaining high scores according to technology development in future, although its possession has shown lower scores in revised version.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.461-470
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• 2007

Human can learn how to shape their brain electrical activity in a desired direction through continuous feedback of the electroencephalogram (EEG), and this technique is known as Neurofeedback (or EEG biofeedback), which has been used since the late 1960s in clinical applications. In this study, a portable wireless EEG (named wEEG) has been designed and implemented, which consists of a mobile station (a wireless two-channel EEG acquisition device) and a base station (a bridge between mobile station and computer). Moreover, a SensoriMotor Rhythm (SMR) training system was also implemented with the wEEG for enhancing attention with virtual environment. Experiment results based on 16 volunteers' (8 females and 8 males, average age is $27{\pm}4$) were reported in this paper. The results show that the SMR ratio of 87.5% subjects increased about 0.7% in training status than that in the stable status. With the proposed system, many training protocol scan be designed easily and can be done at home in our daily life conveniently. Additionally, the proposed system will be useful for disabled and aged people.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.43-53
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• 2013

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of customer relationship management (CRM) support policies for facilitating traditional markets, especially with respect to customer acquisition and maintenance, and to investigate the factors affecting CRM. Research design, data, and methodology - We analyzed the CRM efficiency of traditional markets in 16 cities and provinces in Korea on the basis of DEA analysis and Malmquist productivity analysis. The DEA model calculates a ratio of the weighted mean of various inputs to the weighted mean of various outputs and measures the efficiency of a specific decision making unit (DMU), which is compared to the reference group that has a similar input-output structure. The input variables are coupon, event, parcel service, premiums, while is the number of customers per day. Further, through regression analysis, we analyzed CRM-related factors affecting traditional markets' customer appeal and revenue growth. Results - We obtained the results of the efficiency of traditional markets in 16 provinces. The traditional markets in Seoul, Busan, and Jeju were found to be efficient in a model CCR that used the number of customers per day as an output variable, while Chungbuk, Jeonbuk Province, and According to the results of the DEA analysis and Malmquist productivity analysis, large cities such as Seoul, Busan, and Jeju showed efficiency in CRM-related investment businesses in traditional markets for attracting customers. The Malmquist analysis results confirmed that the productivity of traditional markets increased from 2008 to 2010. The results of the regression analysis revealed that the "customer acquisition/maintenance factor" and the "offering of customer convenience facility factor" were significant to the daily average number of customers, which is a dependent variable. The results of the test with the mediating variable, "number of customers," and the final dependent variable, "sales revenue," were rejected. However, the variable "customer acquisition /maintenance" was found to affect sales revenue positively. Conclusions - It is necessary to enhance the business not only for promotional activities to attract customers, but also to strengthen customer relationships among CRM businesses, such as through the management of key customers. The regression analysis results showed that CRM businesses have yet to produce an increase in sales revenues in traditional markets. Therefore, to help customers who visit traditional markets to keep buying products, it is necessary to prepare various investment methods and provide support to improve "customer loyalty." This study has a limitation in terms of CRM-related statistics. Therefore, in the future, it is necessary to conduct a survey of customers who use traditional markets to analyze the markets by type and size as well as the CRM-related factors. Based on the analysis, we will try to perform a variety of statistical analyses, including structural equations.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.308-318
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• 2022

Noise is a serious issue. While sending images via electronic communication, Impulse noise, which is created by unsteady voltage, is one of the most common noises in digital communication. During the acquisition process, pictures were collected. It is possible to obtain accurate diagnosis images by removing these noises without affecting the edges and tiny features. The New Average High Noise Density Median Filter. (HNDMF) was proposed in this paper, and it operates in two steps for each pixel. Filter can decide whether the test pixels is degraded by SPN. In the first stage, a detector identifies corrupted pixels, in the second stage, an algorithm replaced by noise free processed pixel, the New average suggested Filter produced for this window. The paper examines the performance of Gaussian Filter (GF), Adaptive Median Filter (AMF), and PHDNF. In this paper the comparison of known image denoising is discussed and a new decision based weighted median filter used to remove impulse noise. Using Mean Square Error (MSE), Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), and Structure Similarity Index Method (SSIM) metrics, the paper examines the performance of Gaussian Filter (GF), Adaptive Median Filter (AMF), and PHDNF. A detailed simulation process is performed to ensure the betterment of the presented model on the Mini-MIAS dataset. The obtained experimental values stated that the HNDMF model has reached to a better performance with the maximum picture quality. images affected by various amounts of pretend salt and paper noise, as well as speckle noise, are calculated and provided as experimental results. According to quality metrics, the HNDMF Method produces a superior result than the existing filter method. Accurately detect and replace salt and pepper noise pixel values with mean and median value in images. The proposed method is to improve the median filter with a significant change.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.149-159
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• 2016

Purpose : To evaluate the usefulness of the breathing exercise,we analyzed the change in the RPM signal and the diaphragm imagebefore 4D respiratory gated radiation therapy planning of lung cancer patients. Materials and Methods : The breathing training was enforced on 11 patients getting the 4D respiratory gated radiation therapy from April, 2016 until August. At the same time, RPM signal and diaphragm image was obtained respiration training total three steps in step 1 signal acquisition of free-breathing state, 2 steps respiratory signal acquisition through the guide of the respiratory signal, 3 steps, won the regular respiration signal to the description and repeat training. And then, acquired the minimum value, maximum value, average value, and a standard deviation of the inspiration and expiration in RPM signal and diaphragm image in each steps. Were normalized by the value of the step 1, to convert the 2,3 steps to the other distribution ratio (%), by evaluating the change in the interior of the respiratory motion of the patient, it was evaluated breathing exercise usefulness of each patient. Results : The mean value and the standard deviation of each step were obtained with the procedure 1 of the RPM signal and the diaphragm amplitude as a 100% reference. In the RPM signal, the amplitudes and standard deviations of four patients (36.4%, eleven) decreased by 18.1%, 27.6% on average in 3 steps, and 2 patients (18.2%, 11 people) had standard deviation, It decreased by an average of 36.5%. Meanwhile, the other four patients (36.4%, eleven) decreased by an average of only amplitude 13.1%. In Step 3, the amplitude of the diaphragm image decreased by 30% on average of 9 patients (81.8%, 11 people), and the average of 2 patients (18.2%, 11 people) increased by 7.3%. However, the amplitudes of RPM signals and diaphragm image in 3steps were reduced by 52.6% and 42.1% on average from all patients, respectively, compared to the 2 steps. Relationship between RPM signal and diaphragm image amplitude difference was consistent with patterns of movement 1, 2 and 3steps, respectively, except for No. 2 No. 10 patients. Conclusion : It is possible to induce an optimized respiratory cycle when respiratory training is done. By conducting respiratory training before treatment, it was possible to expect the effect of predicting the movement of the lung which could control the patient's respiration. Ultimately, it can be said that breathing exercises are useful because it is possible to minimize the systematic error of radiotherapy, expect more accurate treatment. In this study, it is limited to research analyzed based on data on respiratory training before treatment, and it will be necessary to verify with the actual CT plan and the data acquired during treatment in the future.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.727-734
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• 2014

Digital processing technologies are being studied in various areas of image compression, recognition and recovery. However, image deterioration still occurs due to the noises in the process of image acquisition, storage and transmission. Generally in the typical noises which are included in the images, there are Gaussian noise and the mixed noise where the Gaussian noise and impulse noise are overlapped and in order to remove these noises, various researches are being executed. In order to preserve the edge and effectively remove mixed noises, image recovery filter algorithm was suggested in this study which sets and processes the adaptive weight using the median values and average values after noise judgment. Additionally, existing methods were compared through simulations and PSNR(peak signal to noise ratio) was used as a judgment standard.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 2017

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) is promising medium access control schemes for underwater acoustic sensor networks because of its robustness against frequency-selective fading and high frequency-reuse efficiency. In this paper, we design diversity schemes of underwater CDMA transceiver for the forward and reverse links. User data are multiplexed by Walsh code and a pseudo random noise code acquisition process is added for phase error correction before decoding the user data at the receiver. Then, the diversity reception using equal gain combining and maximal ratio combining is performed in order to minimize performance degradation caused by rich multipath fading of underwater acoustic channel. We evaluated the performance of diversity transceiver through lake experiment, which was performed at Lake Kyungcheon, Mungyeong city using two transmitters and two receivers placed 460 m apart at an average depth of 40 m. The lake experiment results show that user data are recovered with error-free in both of the forward and reverse links.

• Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.239-249
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• 2013

The role of software process is getting more important to make good quality softwares. One of the measures to improve the software process is Defect Removal Efficiency(DRE). DRE gives a measure of the development team ability to remove defects prior to release. It is calculated as a ratio of defects resolved to total number of defects found. Software Engineering Levels are usually decided by CMMI Model. The model is designed to help organizations improve their software product and service development, acquisition, and maintenance processes. The score of software engineering levels can be calculated by CMMI model. The levels are composed of the three groups(absent, average, and advanced). This study is to find if there is any difference among the three categories in term of the result of software engineering levels on DRE. We propose One way ANOVA to analyze influence of software engineering levels on DRE. Bootstrap method is also used to estimate the sampling distribution of the original sample because the data are not sampled randomly. The method is a statistical method for estimating the sampling distribution of an estimator by sampling with replacement from the original sample. The data were collected in 106 software development projects by the survey. The result of this study tells that there is some difference of DRE among the groups. The higher the software engineering level of a specific company becomes, the better its DRE gets, which means that the companies trying to improve software process can increase their good management performance.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.597-606
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• 2021

Due to the characteristics of the farmland in Korea, forward and reverse shift is the most used. The fatigue of farmers is caused by forward and reverse shifting with a manual transmission. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the convenience of forward and backward shifting. This study was a basic study on the development of a current control system for forward and reverse shifting of agricultural tractors using proportional control valves and a controller. A test bench was fabricated to evaluate the current control accuracy of the control system, and the stability of the controller was evaluated through CPU (central processing unit) load measurements. A controller was selected to evaluate the stability of the proportional valve controller. The stability evaluation was performed by comparing and analyzing the command current of the controller and the actual current measured. The command current was measured using a CAN (controller area network) communication device and DAQ (data acquisition). The actual current was measured with a current probe and an oscilloscope. The control system and stability evaluation was performed by measuring the CPU load on the controller during control operations. The average load factor was 12.27%, and when 5 tasks were applied, it was shown to be 70.65%. This figure was lower than the CPU limit of 74.34%, when 5 tasks were applied and was judged to be a stable system.