• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권8호
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• pp.1141-1146
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• 2005

A trial was conducted to evaluate the level of wheat substituted for corn in a traditional corn-soy diet and the xylanase supplementation effect on the growth performance and nutrient digestion of broiler chickens. This experiment was a randomized design with a 4${\times}$2 factorial arrangement with four levels of wheat substitution and two levels of enzyme inclusion in the diet. Wheat replaced 0, 25, 50 or 100% corn with or without 1 g/kg xylanase supplementation in iso-nitrogenous and iso-calorific experimental diets. The results showed that in the growing period, broilers attained the highest (p<0.05) body weight gain, feed intake, and relative small intestine weight when wheat was substituted at 25% for corn. The relative caecum weight increased (p<0.05) linearly with increasing levels of wheat substitution for corn. However, during the finishing period and entire experimental period from 0 to 6 weeks, no significant difference was shown in the growth performance among all treatments. Xylanase inclusion significantly improved the body weight gain, fat availability (p<0.01) and diet metabolisable energy (p<0.1) but decreased (p<0.05) the relative GI tract weight during the growing period. The digesta viscosity of 6-week old broilers was also decreased (p<0.05). It appears that wheat substituted for corn did not affect the growth performance, nutrient digestion, and the digesta viscosity of chickens. It is acceptable to completely substitute wheat for corn. Xylanase supplementation improved performance.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.104-110
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• 2004

이화학적 특성이 다른 4가지의 밭토양에 대한 규산질 비료를 처리하여 토양의 유효규산 함량과 pH 변화에 미치는 효과를 조사하였다. 토양의 이화학적 특성과 기존 유효규산 함량에 상관없이 토양 유효규산 함량은 규산질 비료 시용량에 비례하여 증가하였다. 규산질 비료의 유효화 정도는 토양마다 차이가 있었으며 최저 9.1%에서 최고 19.2% 정도의 비율을 나타냈다. 규산질 비료 100 kg/10a 수준의 처리는 용탈 등으로 제거되지 않는 한 10 cm 질이 표토에 평균적으로 100 mg/kg 정도의 유효규산을 공급할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 퇴비 혼합처리는 토양 유효규산 함량 증가에 큰 영향을 미치지 못했으며, 석회 처리는 유효규산 함량을 다소 증가시켰다. 토양 pH 변화는 모든 토양에서 규산질 비료 시비량에 비례하여 증가하였으며, 규산질 비료 100 kg/10a 처리로 토양 pH를 $0.1{\sim}0.2$ 단위 증가시킬 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 산성 토양의 경우에는 규산질 비료의 시용과는 별도로 pH 교정을 위해 석회비료를 시용해야 할 것이다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.462-470
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• 2012

The availability and efficient use of the feed resources in India are the primary drivers to maximize productivity of Indian livestock. Feed security is vital to the livestock management, extent of use, conservation and productivity enhancement. Assessment and forecasting of livestock feed resources are most important for effective planning and policy making. In the present study, 40 years of data on crop production, land use pattern, rainfall, its deviation from normal, area under crop and yield of crop were collected and modeled to forecast the likely production of feed resources for the next 20 years. The higher order auto-regressive (AR) models were used to develop efficient forecasting models. Use of climatic variables (actual rainfall and its deviation from normal) in combination with non-climatic factors like area under each crop, yield of crop, lag period etc., increased the efficiency of forecasting models. From the best fitting models, the current total dry matter (DM) availability in India was estimated to be 510.6 million tonnes (mt) comprising of 47.2 mt from concentrates, 319.6 mt from crop residues and 143.8 mt from greens. The availability of DM from dry fodder, green fodder and concentrates is forecasted at 409.4, 135.6 and 61.2 mt, respectively, for 2030.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.145-150
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• 2003

Reliability, availability, and cost have been the major concerns for photovoltaic hybrid systems since their beginning as primary sources for much critical applications like communication units and repeaters. This paper descnbes the performance of two hybrid systems, photovoltaic-battery, wind-turbine coupled with the public-grid (PVBWG) hybrid system and photovoltaic-battery, wind-turbine coupled With the diesel generator (PVBWD) hybrid system The systems are sized to power a typical 300W/48V de telecommunication load continuously throughout the year Such hybrid systems consist of subsystems, which in turn consist of components Failure of anyone of these components may cause failure of the entire system. The reliability and availability basics, and estimation procedure for the two proposals are introduced also in this paper. The PVBWG and PVBWD system configurations are shown with the relevant mean-time-between-faIlure (MTBF) and failure rate (${\lambda}$) of each component. The characteristics equations of the two systems are deduced as a function of operating hours and the percentage of sun and wind availabilities per day. The system probability failure as well as the reliability is estimated based on the fault tree analysis technique. The results show that, by using standard or normal components MTBF, the PVBWG is more reliable and the time of periodic maintenance period is more than one year especially in the rich sites of both sun and wind, but PVBWD competes else Also, in the first five years from the system installation, the system is quit reliable and may not require any maintenance. The results show also, as the sun and wind are available, as the system reliable and available.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.860-868
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• 2018

This article presents a new design of earthquake instrumentation that is suitable for quick decision-making after the seismic event at the nuclear power plant (NPP). The main objective of this work is to ensure more availability of the NPP by expediting walk-down period when the seismic wave is incident. In general, the decision-making to restart the NPP after the seismic event requires more than 1 month if an earthquake exceeds operating basis earthquake level. It affects to the plant availability significantly. Unnecessary shutdown can be skipped through quick assessments of operating basis earthquake, safe shutdown earthquake events, and damage status to structure, system, and components. Multidecision parameters such as cumulative absolute velocity, peak ground acceleration, Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale, floor response spectrum, and cumulative fatigue are discussed. The implementation scope on the field-programmable gate array platform of this work is limited to cumulative absolute velocity, peak ground acceleration, and Modified Mercalli Intensity. It can ensure better availability of the plant through integrated decision-making process by automatic assessment of NPP structure, system, and components.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.48-55
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• 2024

The safety-related raw water system's strong operational condition supports the radiation defense and biological shield of nuclear plant containment structures. Gaps and failures in maintaining proper working condition of main equipment like pump were among the most common causes of unavailability of safety related raw water systems. We integrated the advanced data analytics tools to evaluate the maintenance records of water systems and gave special consideration to deficiencies related to pump. We utilized maintenance data over a three-and-a-half-year period to produce metrics like MTBF, MTTF, MTTR, and failure rate. The visual analytic platform using tableau identified the efficacy of maintenance & deficiency in the safety raw water systems. When the number of water quality violation was compared to the other O&M deficiencies, it was discovered that water quality violations account for roughly 15% of the system's deficiencies. The pumps were substantial contributors to the deficit. Pump availability was predicted and optimized with real time data using response surface method. The prediction model was significant with r-squared value of 0.98. This prediction model can be used to predict forth coming pump failures in nuclear plant.

• 한국신뢰성학회지:신뢰성응용연구
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.225-238
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• 2012

In this paper determined is the quantity of repairable concurrent spare parts(CSP) of a new equipment system to maximize the operational availability under budget constraint and cannibalization allowed. When a part fails, the part is replaced and the failed part is repaired for later use while cannibalization is allowed. The failure of a part is assumed to follow a Poisson process and the availability in CSP is defined. The solution procedure consists of two parts. Firstly, a mathematical model is developed under the assumption that the failure rate is constant during the CSP period and cannibalization is not allowed. Secondly, proposed is a simulation search procedure which improves the heuristic solution to the near optimal solution in a reasonable amount of time under the assumption that the cannibalization is allowed.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.39-54
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• 2016

The present study analyzes the diversity and usage of NTFPs and evaluates their importance in the day to day life of the people of rural Meghalaya. People use 172 NTFPs belonging to 139 plant species mainly for food, medicine and fuelwood and to a lesser extent for construction, handicrafts and ornamental purpose. These 139 plants belonged to 117 genera and 70 families with Rosaceae, Poaceae and Fagaceae families as the dominant NTFP yielding families. Fruits from shrubs and trees are most commonly harvested by people. Collection and availability of NTFPs for use as food are more during the summer season, which is also the period with least availability of job. NTFPs for subsistence use are greater in number than those having commercial value. The most commonly harvested plant parts are fruits and leaves. Roots, rhizomes and whole plants are extracted in lesser quantity which is a positive approach from sustainability point of view. NTFPs and other forest products also form a vital part of the rural household's income generation activities.

• International Journal of Reliability and Applications
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.67-82
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• 2007

This paper deals with the effectiveness analysis of an engineering system, which has two units of different strengths in parallel and one unit as a cold standby unit. Failure times for all the units have negative exponential distribution whereas their repair times have general distribution. Single server caters the need for the system. The effectiveness analysis of the system is done by using regenerative point technique. The different measures of effectiveness such as mean sojourn time, mean time to system failure, availability, busy period, etc, are derived. Cost factors also taken into consideration.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제21권47호
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• pp.87-99
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• 1998

This study is concerned with a problem of determining the optimal requirements level of the spare parts, especially Concurrent Spare Parts(CSP). CSP is supplied with the procurement of new equipment system, and is used to sustain the equipment without resupply during the initial coverage period. We consider this situation as a multiechelon inventory model with several bases and one depot. And we assume a equipment system which consists of many types of parts would grounded if one of the parts fail. Also this multiechelon CSP problem is considering a time-varing (dynamic) environment. We develop a computational procedure to find the optimal number of spare parts minimizing the total expected cost, while achieving the required system availability. Finally we present a simple example of suggested method.