• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.634-640
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• 2005

The reaction of cis-[Cr([14]-decane)(OH$_2)_2]^+$ ([14]-decane = rac-5,5,7,12,12,14-hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-teraazacyclotetradecane) with auxiliary ligands {$L_a$ = citrate(cit)} leads to a new dimeric complex cis-[{Cr([14]-decane)($\mu$-cit)}$_2](ClO_4)_2$. This binuclear complex has been structurally characterized by a combination of elemental analysis, conductivity, IR and Vis spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography. Analysis of the crystal structure of cis-[{Cr([14]-decane)($\mu$-cit)})($_2]^+$ reveals that each chromium has a distorted octahedral coordination environment and citrato ligands are monodentate to the two chromium atoms via the carboxyl groups. For dimeric complex the bridging geometry is as follows: Cr$\ldots$Cr = 7.361 $\AA$; Cr-O(average) = 1.958 (8) $\AA$; Cr-N range = 2.108 (9)-2.147(9) $\AA$; N(1)-Cr-N(3) (equatorial position) = 98.0(4)$^{\circ}$; N(2)-Cr-N(4) (axial position) = 166.4(4)$^{\circ}$; O(1)-Cr-N(2) = 98.1(4)$^{\circ}$; O(3)-Cr-N(4) = 96.6(3)$^{\circ}$; O(1)-Cr-O(3) = 90.4$^{\circ}$. The FAB mass spectrum of the dimeric complex displays peak due to the molecular ions cis-[{Cr([14]-decane)($\mu$-cit)})($_2]^+$ at m/z 1053.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.26 no.9
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• pp.1395-1402
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• 2005

The reaction of cis-[Cr([14]-decane)$(OH)_2]^+$ ([14]-decane = rac-5,5,7,12,12,14-hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-teraazacyclotetradecane) with auxiliary ligands {$L_a$ = acetylacetonate (acac), oxalate (ox) or malonate (mal)} leads to a new cis-[Cr([14]-decane)(acac)]$(ClO_4)_2{\cdot}(1/2)H_2O\;(1),\;cis-[Cr([14]-decane)(ox)]ClO_4{\cdot}(1/2)H_2O\;(2)\;or\;cis-[Cr([14]-decane)(mal)]ClO_4{\cdot}(1/4)H_2O\;(3)$. These complexes have been characterized by a combination of elemental analysis, conductivity, IR and Vis spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography. Analysis of the crystal structure of cis-[Cr([14]-decane)(acac)]$(ClO_4)_2{\cdot}(1/2)H_2O$ reveals that central chromium(III) has a distorted octahedral coordination environment and two acetylacetonate-oxygen atoms are bonded to the chromium(III) ion in the cis positions. The angle $N_{axial}-Cr-N_{axial}$ deviates by $11^{\circ}$ from the ideal value of $180^{\circ}$ for a perfect octahedron. The bond angle O-Cr-O between the chromium(III) ion and the two acetylacetonate-oxygen atoms is close to $90^{\circ}$. The bond lengths of Cr-O between the chromium and the acetylacetonate-oxygen atoms are 1.950(3) and 1.954(2) $\AA$. They are shorter than those between chromium and nitrogen atoms of the macrocycle. The IR spectra of 1, 2 and 3 display bands at 1560 {ν (C=O)}, 1710 {${\nu}_{as}$(OCO)} and 1660 $cm^{-1}$ {${\nu}_{as}$(OCO)} attributed to the acac, ox and mal auxiliary ligands stretching vibrations, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.16-24
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• 2005

The goal of the present paper is to show the optimum design and operation conditions on 6 kW solar water heating system by using computer simulation with verified modelling. As the object functions, we took not only the amount of acquired and auxiliary heat but LCC, which has a relative importance and decisive role in economy. As expected, the maximum heat is acquired at the slope of collector with the equal degree to the latitude, facing the south. The capacity increase of the circulation pump and the storage tank lead to the increase of acquired heat and the decrease of auxiliary heat, but do not necessarily give economical advantages owing to additional electrical power consumption. In the present system, the minimum LCC can be obtained at the storage tank volume of 450 L and the mass flow rate of 0.344 kg/s.

• Journal of KSNVE
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.157-170
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• 1998

This paper proposes a new technique to formulate the finite element model of a sandwich beam by using GHM (Golla-Hughes-McTavish) internal auxiliary coordinates to account for frequency dependence. Through the use of auxiliary coordinates, the equation of motion of undamped mass and stiffness matrix form is extended to encompass viscoelastic damping matrix. However, this methods all suffer from an increase in order of the final finite element model which is undesirable in many applications. Here we propose to combine the GHM method with model reduction techniques to remove the objection of increased model order.

• International Journal of Safety
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.29-33
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• 2006

A numerical flow analysis of the case of a refrigeration warehouse where an unusual death of an operator occurred by deficiency of oxygen is performed by using STAR-CD program of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code. The refrigeration room of the warehouse for storing the fruits maintains an atmosphere of 95% nitrogen and 5% oxygen by volume. When the operator was found dead in the refrigeration room, the room was in normal operating conditions except for the fact that the auxiliary door had been left open. For the flow analysis, unsteady 3-dimensional natural convection with mass transfer is considered. The flow analysis result is compared with the oxygen concentration level measured against time during on-site investigation. The change in oxygen concentration level in the warehouse due to the opening of the auxiliary door is found to be negligible.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.7 no.7
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• pp.559-566
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• 2001

The sway control problem of the pendulum motion of a container hanging on the trolly, which transports containers from a container ship to trucks, is considered in the paper. In the container crane control problem, suppressing the residual swing motion of the container at the end of acceleration, deceleration or the case of that the unexpected disturbance input exists is main issue. For this problem, in general, the trolley motion control strategy is introduced and applied. In this paper, we introduce and synthesize a new type of swing motion control system in which a small auxiliary mass is installed on the spreader. The actuator reacting against the auxiliary mall applies inertial control forces to the container to reduce the swing motion in the desired manner. In this paper, we apply the $H^{\infty}$ based gain-scheduling control technique to the anti-swing motion control system design problem of the controlled plant. In this control system, the controller dynamics are adjusted in real-time according to time-varying plant parameters. And the simulation result shows that the proposed control strategy is shown to be useful for the case of time-varying system and, robust to disturbances such as winds and initial sway motion.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.70-81
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• 2010

A mathematical model is formulated to study the effect of wall mass on the thermal performance of four different houses of different construction. This analytical study was motivated by the experimental work of Burch et al. An analytical solution of one -dimensional, linear, partial differential equation for wall temperature profiles and room air temperatures is obtained using the Laplace transform method. Typical Meteorological Year data are processed to yield hourly average monthly values. These discrete data are then converted to a continuous, time dependent form using a Fast Fourier Transform method. This study is conducted using weather data from four different locations in the United States: Albuquerque, New mexico; Miami, Florida; Santa Maria, California; and Washington D.C. for both winter and summer conditions. A computer code is developed to calculate the wall temperature profile, room air temperature, and energy consumption loads. Three sets of results are calculated one for no auxiliary energy and two for different control mechanism -- an on-off controller and a proportional controller. Comparisons are made for the cases of two controllers. Heavy weight houses with insulation in mild weather areas (such as August in Santa Maria, California) show a high comfort level. Houses using proportional control experience a higher comfort level in comparison to houses using on-off control. The result shows that there is an effect of mass on the thermal performance of a heavily constructed house in mild weather conditions.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.15 no.4 s.97
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• pp.492-498
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• 2005

A linear motor damper based on the linear motor principle is developed to suppress structural vibration. This paper deals with the design, analysis, and manufacture of the linear motor damper. It is designed to be able to move the auxiliary mass of 1500kg, up to $\pm250mm$ stroke. The control algorithm was designed based on LQG control logic with acceleration feedback. Through performance tests, it was confirmed that the developed hybrid mass damper has reliable feasibility as a control device for structural control. In addition, the linear motor damper is more economical than both hydraulic and electric motor driving mass damper with respect to simple structure and low maintenance cost. A series of performance tests of the linear motor damper system were carried out on the full-scale steel frame structure in UNISON Corporation. Through the performance tests, it was confirmed that acceleration levels are reduced down 10dB for first mode of structure

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.181-186
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• 2002

We study a role of the proto-accretion disk during the formation of the planetary system, which is motivated with recent X-ray observations. There is an observational correlation of the mass of extrasolar planets with their orbital period, which also shows the minimum orbital period. This is insufficiently accounted for by the selection effect alone. Besides, most of planetary formation theories predict the lower limit of semimajor axes of the planetary orbits around 0.01 AU. While the migration theory involving the accretion disk is the most favorable theory, it causes too fast migration and requires the braking mechanism to halt the planet~0.01 AU. The induced gap in the accretion disk due to the planet and/or the truncated disk are desperately required to stop the planet. We explore the planetary evaporation in the accretion disk as another possible scenario to explain the observational lack of massive close-in planets. We calculate the location where the planet is evaporated when the mass and the radius of the planet are given, and find that the evaporation location is approximately proportional to the mass of the planet as ${m_p}^{-1.3}$ and the radius of the planet as ${r_p}^{1.3}$. Therefore, we conclude that even the standard cool accretion disk becomes marginally hot to make the small planet evaporate at~0.01 AU. We discuss other auxiliary mechanisms which may provide the accretion disk with extra heats other than the viscous friction, which may consequently make a larger planet evaporate.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.546-552
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• 2013

A cantilevered piezoelectric energy harvester(PEH) and an auxiliary mass-spring unit can be integrated into a novel two-degrees-of-freedom PEH where its lowest eigenmode is not an in-phase modes but an out-of-phase mode. This typical behavior was shown to enhance output power considerably compared with its stand-alone counterpart. The objective of this study is to newly develop a continuum-based mathematical model suitable for efficient analysis of the mode-sequence reversed PEH. Once such a mathematical model is available, various physical behaviors can be analytically investigated for better designs. After a new mathematical model is developed, its validity is checked by using ANSYS results, in terms of resonant frequency, open-circuit voltage, and output power with a specified external resistance.