• 전자공학회논문지
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• 제54권4호
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• pp.3-9
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• 2017

수중환경에서는 전력 공급이 어렵기 때문에 통신 프로토콜 설계에 있어서 전력 효율은 중요한 고려사항들 중 하나이다. 본 논문에서는 UUV(Unmanned Underwater Vehicle)와 AUV(Autonomous Underwater Vehicle) 같은 이동 노드를 갖는 수중통신망에 대해 에너지 효율적인 매체접속제어(MAC : Medium Access Control) 프로토콜을 연구하였다. 이동 노드간의 통신에서는 데이터 교환 중에 노드 이동으로 인해 서로의 전파 반경을 벗어나 전송 중인 데이터를 완료하지 못하고 에너지만 낭비하는 경우가 발생할 수 있다. 특히, 수중 통신 채널 환경에서는 지상보다 약 $10^5$ 배의 느린 전파 지연을 가지므로 데이터의 전송 완료 전에 서로의 전파 반경을 벗어날 확률이 지상보다 커서 이로 인한 에너지 낭비가 더 많게 된다. 제안한 mobility-MAC 프로토콜은 수신노드의 위치와 노드의 이동 속도를 고려하여 Dropping Zone을 정의하고 데이터 전송 시도를 제어한다. 데이터 전송시도는 Dropping Zone에서 무조건 데이터 전송을 드롭(drop)을 하는 것이 아니라, 데이터 전송 중 노드가 전파 반경을 이탈할 확률을 예측하여 드롭하는 방법이다. 결과적으로, 조건적 드롭을 통해 잘못된 드롭을 감소시켜 전송지연과 통신수율의 향상을 가져왔고 유효한 데이터 드롭으로 에너지 낭비를 방지하여 에너지 효율도 증가되었다.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.41-49
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• 2022

With the advancement of intelligent vehicles and unmanned systems, there is a growing interest in underwater surveys using autonomous marine vehicles (AMVs). This study presents an automated planning strategy for a long-term survey mission using a fleet of AMVs consisting of autonomous surface vehicles and autonomous underwater vehicles. Due to the complex nature of the mission, the actions of the vehicle must be of high-level abstraction, which means that the actions indicate not only motion of the vehicle but also symbols and semantics, such as those corresponding to deploy, charge, and survey. For automated planning, the planning domain definition language (PDDL) was employed to construct a mission planner for realizing a powerful and flexible planning system. Despite being able to handle abstract actions, such high-level planners have difficulty in efficiently optimizing numerical objectives such as obtaining the shortest route given multiple destinations. To alleviate this issue, a widely known technique in operations research was additionally employed, which limited the solution space so that the high-level planner could devise efficient plans. For a comprehensive evaluation of the proposed method, various PDDL-based planners with different parameter settings were implemented, and their performances were compared through simulation. The simulation result shows that the proposed method outperformed the baseline solutions by yielding plans that completed the missions more quickly, thereby demonstrating the efficacy of the proposed methodology.

• 한국지능시스템학회논문지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.635-640
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• 2009

실제 시스템 적용에 있어서, 수중비행체(Underwater Flight Vehicle : UFV)의 자율제어(autonomous control)를 위한 장애물회피(obstacle avoidance) 시스템은 다음과 같은 문제점들을 가지고 있다. 즉, 소나(sonar)는 지역적 탐색영역 내의 장애물 정보만을 제공할 수 있으므로 지역적 정보를 가지며, 에너지 소비 및 음향학적 소음이 적은 시스템이 필요하므로 연속적인 제어입력을 요구한다. 나아가, 구조와 파라메터의 관점에 있어서 용이한 설계 절차를 요구한다. 이 문제를 해결하기 위해서 진화 전략(Evolution Strategy : ES) 및 퍼지논리 제어기(Fuzzy Logic Controller : FLC)를 이용하는 지능형 장애물회피 알고리즘이 제안되었다. 제안된 알고리즘의 성능을 검증하기 위해 UFV 장애물회피가 수행되었다. 시뮬레이션 결과는 제안된 알고리즘이 실제 시스템에 존재하는 문제점들을 효과적으로 해결하고 있음을 보여준다.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제8권12호
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• pp.1023-1030
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• 2002

Since the dynamics of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are highly nonlinear and their hydrodynamic coefficients vary with different vehicle's operating conditions, high performance control systems of AUVs are needed to have the capacities of teaming and adapting to the variations of the vehicle's dynamics. In this paper, a linearly parameterized neural network (LPNN) is used to approximate the uncertainties of the vehicle dynamics, where the basis function vector of the network is constructed according to the vehicle's physical properties. The network's reconstruction errors and the disturbances in the vehicle dynamics are assumed be bounded although the bound may be unknown. To attenuate this unknown bounded uncertainty, a certain estimation scheme for this unknown bound is introduced combined with a sliding mode scheme. The proposed controller is proven to guarantee that all signals in the closed-loop system are uniformly ultimately bounded (UUB). Numerical simulation studies are performed to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.

• 로봇학회논문지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.53-58
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• 2023

In general, in order to operate an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) in an underwater environment, a navigation system such as a Doppler Log (DVL) using a Doppler phenomenon of ultrasonic waves is used for speed and direction estimation. However, most of the ultrasonic sensors in underwater is large for long-distance sensing and the cost is very high. In this study, not only canal neuromast on the fish's lateral lines but also superficial neuromast are studied on the simulation to obtain pressure values for each pressure sensor, and the obtained pressure data is supervised using spherical CNN. To this end, through supervised learning using pressure data obtained from a pressure sensor attached to an underwater vehicle, we can estimate the speed and angle of the underwater vehicle in a quasi-static underwater environment and propose a method for a non-ultrasonic based navigation system.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.48-53
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• 2009

Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV's) provide an important means for collecting detailed scientific information from the ocean depths. The hull resistance of an AUV is an important factor in determining the power requirements and range of the vehicle. This paper describes a design method that uses Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to determine the hull resistance of an AUV under development. The CFD results reveal the distribution of the hydrodynamic values (velocity, pressure, etc.) of an AUV with a ducted propeller. This paper also discusses the optimization of the AUV hull profile to reduce the total resistance. This paper demonstrates that shape optimization in a conceptual design is possible by using a commercial CFD package. Optimum design work to minimize the drag force of an AUV was carried out, for a given object function and constraints.

• Transactions on Control, Automation and Systems Engineering
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.264-269
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• 2002

In this paper, Η$_{\infty}$ depth and course controller of an AUV(Autonomous Underwater Vehicle) using Η$_{\infty}$ servo control is proposed. The Η$_{\infty}$ servo problem is formulated to design the controllers satisfying a robust tracking property with modeling errors and disturbances. The solution of the Η$_{\infty}$ servo problem is as fellows: first, this problem is modified as an Η$_{\infty}$ control problem for the generalized plant that includes a reference input mode, and then a sub-optimal solution that satisfies a given performance criteria is calculated by LMI(Linear Matrix Inequality) approach. The Η$_{\infty}$ depth and course controller are designed to satisfy with the robust stability about the modeling error generated from the perturbation of the hydrodynamic coefficients and the robust tracking property under disturbances(wave force, wave moment, tide). The performances of the designed controllers are evaluated with computer simulations, and finally these simulation results show the usefulness and application of the proposed Η$_{\infty}$ depth and course control system.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.45-55
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• 1998

In this paper, a robust path tracker and depth controller of Autonomous Underwater Vehicle based on sliding mode control is presented. We have also designed augmented equivalent control inputs by analyzing the sliding mode with the reaching mode. This can enhance the reaching rate, and improve chattering problems, that is, noise caused by the control plane actuator of the vehicle, which is one of the problems that occur when sliding mode control is used. Also to resolve the steady state error generated in the path tracker under current effect, a modified sliding plane is constructed. Also a redesigned sliding plane and control input using transformation matrix is proposed to do easy design of MIMO depth controller. For state variables that cannot be measured directly, reduced order sliding mode control is used to design an observer. The performance of designed path tracker and depth controller is investigated by computer simulation. The results show that the proposed control system has robust performance to parameter variation, modelling error and disturbance.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.44-56
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• 2012

Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) provide a useful means of collecting detailed oceano-graphic information. The hull resistance of an AUV is an important factor in determining the power requirements and range of the vehicle. This paper describes a procedure using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for determining the hull resistance of an AUV under development, for a given propeller rotation speed and within a given range of AUV velocities. The CFD analysis results reveal the distribution of the hydrodynamic values (velocity, pressure, etc.) around the AUV hull and its ducted propeller. The paper then proceeds to present a methodology for optimizing the AUV profile in order to reduce the total resistance. This paper demonstrates that shape optimization of conceptual designs is possible using the commercial CFD package contained in Ansys$^{TM}$. The optimum design to minimize the drag force of the AUV was identified for a given object function and a set of constrained design parameters.

• International Journal of Ocean System Engineering
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.120-135
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• 2011

This paper proposes a model based trajectory tracking control scheme for under-actuated underwater robotic vehicles. The difficulty in stabilizing a non-linear system using smooth static state feedback law means that the design of a feedback controller for an under-actuated system is somewhat challenging. A necessary condition for the asymptotic stability of an under-actuated vehicle about a single equilibrium is that its gravitational field has nonzero elements corresponding to non-actuated dynamics. To overcome this condition, we propose a continuous time-varying control law based on the direct estimation of vehicle dynamic variables such as inertia, damping and Coriolis & centripetal terms. This can work satisfactorily under commonly encountered uncertainties such as an ocean current and parameter variations. The proposed control law cancels the non-linearities in the vehicle dynamics by introducing non-linear elements in the input side. Knowledge of the bounds on uncertain terms is not required and it is conceptually simple and easy to implement. The controller parameter values are designed using the Taguchi robust design approach and the control law is verified analytically to be robust under uncertainties, including external disturbances and current. A comparison of the controller performance with that of a linear proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller and sliding mode controller are also provided.