• 전기학회논문지
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• 제61권11호
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• pp.1720-1724
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• 2012

This study describes an oscillometric-based blood pressure measuring algorithm by detecting turning points of oscillation signal from digitally filtered cuff signals of an automatic sphygmomanometer. The blood pressure measuring algorithm uses a characteristic ratios method from the turning points. The accurate values of the systolic/diastolic blood presures(SBP/DBP) are calculated using the peaks in the ranges of characteristic ratios. Performances of the proposed algorithm and four automatic sphygmomanometers are compared with the mercury manometer(manual type sphygmomanometer), regarding the SBP and DBP values of manual sphygmomanometer as the reference values. The performance test showed the proposed algorithm revealed the best results in errors and a statistical analysis. Therefore this algorithm can be usable in any automatic sphygmomanometers.ssure states. This may be compromising results for subject-independent sensibility evaluation using EEG signal.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.370-379
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the time for young adults to reach resting blood pressure after walking as measured by an automatic and a mercury sphygmomanometer. Methods: Participants were 33 nursing students in their 20s. Blood pressure after walking was measured every minute on both arms simultaneously for a total of 6 times after walking for 12 minutes on a treadmill at ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) of 11. Data were analyzed using paired t-test, Bland-Altman plots and repeated measures ANOVA. Results: Systolic blood pressure after walking was the same as measurements corresponding to resting blood pressure after 3 minutes of resting if measured with the automatic sphygmomanometer and 4 minutes of resting if measured with the mercury sphygmomanometer. Conclusions: In order to measure the resting blood pressure for healthy young adults who performed low-density walking for 12 minutes on flat land, the measurement needs to be made after a resting time of at least 3 minutes in the case of an automatic sphygmomanometer and 4 minutes in the case of a mercury sphygmomanometer.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.155-162
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• 2012

Devices to measure the blood pressure of patients are being used without any calibration in a hospital. It is an important to show consistent values when any medical devices measure the same patients regardless they are sphygmomanometer or fully automatic electronic blood pressure meter. We compared sphygmomanometer and fully automatic electronic blood pressure meters with standard digital blood pressure monitor (SDBPM) to evaluate the consistency of the small healthy subjects. We measured the blood pressure from six healthy subjects (three of 20~40 years and three of 40~60 years old). Two sphygmomanometer and two fully automatic electronic blood pressure meters were used and compared with the SDBPM. Blood pressures measured from right and left arms each and were compared. All six healthy subjects showed normal blood pressure values. In general, left blood pressure values showed higher values than right side. Comparing SDBPM, with the other monitors, the systolic pressure showed ${\pm}$ 34.8% difference and ${\pm}$ 33.3% for the diastolic pressure. Correlation between SDBPM and Sphygmomanometer was 0.59~0.71, and 0.50~0.70 for fully automated digital BP monitors. It fell in grade-D when we apply the BHS(British hypertension society). AAMI(American association for the advancement of medical instrumentation) also showed unsatisfactory results for the mean value (${\leq}$ 5 mmHg) and standard deviation (${\leq}$ 8 mmHg). We tested sphygmomanometer and fully automatic electronic blood pressure meters and compared with a standard digital blood pressure monitor. All devices showed inconsistent blood pressures. A reliable calibration system is highly needed for all devices in all hospitals.

• International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems
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• 제5권6호
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• pp.643-651
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• 2007

The various blood pressure simulators have been proposed to evaluate and improve the performance of the automatic sphygmomanometer. These have some problems such as the deviation of the actual blood pressure waveform, limitation in the blood pressure condition of the simulator, or difficulty in displaying the blood flow. An improved simulator using disturbance observer is proposed to supplement the current problems of the blood pressure simulator. The proposed simulator has an artificial arm model capable of feeding appropriate fluids that can generate the blood pressure waveform to evaluate the automatic sphygmomanometer. A controller was designed and thereafter, simulation was performed to control the output signal with respect to the reference input in the fluid dynamic model using the proposed proportional control valve. To minimize the external fluctuation of pressure applied to the artificial arm, a disturbance observer was designed on the plant. A hybrid controller combined with a proportional controller and feed-forward controller was fabricated after applying a disturbance observer to the control plant. Comparison of the simulations between the conventional proportional controller and the proposed hybrid controller indicated that even though the former showed good control performance without disturbance, it was affected by the disturbance signal induced by the cuff. The latter exhibited an excellent performance under both situations.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.170-177
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• 1996

신체의 활력을 측정하는 혈압은 다른 어느 측정치보다 변동이 심하고 정상적으로 변할 수 있는 생리적 현상이어서 정확하게 측정하기란 쉽지 않다. 1mmHg 차이의 혈압일지라도, 특히 큰 집단일 경우, 연구목적에서 그 결과를 크게 왜곡 시킬 수 있다. (Wright & dore, 1970). 혈압 측정에는 직접적 방법과 간접적 방법이 있다. 이 중 간접적 방법은 임상분야와 연구분야에서 실제로 넓게 사용되고 있을 분만 아니라 신체로의 직접적 침투하는 방법도 아니고 가격 또한 비싸지 않다. 그러나, 간접적 측정 방법은 혈압에 영향을 끼치는 많은 요인들인 관찰자 편견, 확장기음의 청취음 선택, 관찰자와 환자 사이의 상호관계 때문에 방법론적으로 문제제기가 되기도 한다. 이런 요인을 최소화하기 위하여 가장 타당도가 높은 측정도구의 선택이 필요하다. 도시지역의(Ease Baltimore) 고혈압을 가진 젊은 흑인 남성(연령별/성별/종속별/거주지역) 중 수축기 혈압이 140mmHg 이고 확장기 혈압이 90mmHg인 사람, 또는 확장기 혈압이 90mmHg인 사람, 또는 혈압하강제를 먹고 있는 사람 200명을 대상으로 훈련받은 community health worker(CHW)에 의해 Random-Zero Sphygmdmanometer(RZS)와 Digit Automatic Device(DAD)로 혈압을 측정하게 하였다. 이 중 36명을 무작위 추출하여 regular Mercury Sphygmdmanometer (RMS)로 혈압을 측정하게 했다. Bland 와 Altman에 의해 제기된 두측정값의 차이에 대한 scattergram(일치도 검증법)과 AAMI(Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrument) 기준, BHS 기준, Central Tendency와 숫자선호도로 검증되었다. AAMI와 BHS 기준에 의하면 확장기 혈압에서 RZS와 DAD의 일치도와 평균을 중심으로 더 넓게 퍼져있어 낮은 일치도를 보였으며 또 DAD와 RMS의 혈압치는 숫자 선호도를 볼 수 있는데 특히 RMS는 더 뚜렷하게 나타났는데 확장기 혈압의 최빈치(30.6)는 100mmHg이었다. 혈압치들이 가장 가까이 "0"점으로 치우쳐져 있었다. RZS의 Central tendency는 DAD와 RMS보다 뚜렷하였다. 결론적으로 RZS는 이 연구목적으로 가장 적절함을 보여준다.

• 센서학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.44-51
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• 2007

A hybridized simulator for generating blood pressure waveform is proposed to study the remedy and/or evaluation of the conventional sphygmomanometer utilizing the oscillometric method which is widely applied. The blood pressure of a flowing fluid was controlled for the blood vessel's condition caused by a rhythmical and periodical contraction/relaxation because of the special excitatory and conductive system of the heart. In this study, a hybridized controller composed of the PI feedback controller and the feedforward controller. The inverse dynamics function is proposed to operating the control valve while the pressure is applied in an oil pressure tank. The proposed hybrid simulator reproducing the blood pressure waveform in an artificial blood vessel has kept the control performance consistent over all range. Based on these results, the proposed simulators could be applied to the development and compensation of the non invasive sphygmomanometer type as well as to study the characteristics of the blood pressure and blood vessel.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.95-106
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to compare direct and three indirect blood pressure measurements in adults and to compare among three indirect blood pressure measurements in adults. One direct(intraarterial) and three indirect(using a mecury sphygmomanometer, a aneroid type sphygmomanometer and an automatic auscultatory device) methods of blood pressure measurement were compared in adult patients who had an arterial line. The subjects for this study consisted of 29 patients in K medical center, B medical center, B hospital and M hospital in Pusan. The data was collected from October 1, 1992 to June 30, 1993. The collected data was analysed with the SPSS program, frequency, percentage, mean, S.D., t-test, ANOVA. The results of this study were as follows : 1) There was a significant difference in the systolic BP when using the direct and three indirect measurements(P<0.05). 2) There was no overall significant difference in the diastolic BP when using the direct and three indirect measurements. 3) There was no significant difference in the SBP and DBP among the three indirect measurements.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제65권2호
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• pp.73-80
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• 2022

A mercury sphygmomanometer (MS) has been the gold standard for pediatric blood pressure (BP) measurements, and diagnosing hypertension is critical. However, because of environmental issues, other alternatives are needed. Noninvasive BP measurement devices are largely divided into auscultatory and oscillometric types. The aneroid sphygmomanometer, the currently used auscultatory method, is inferior to MS in terms of limitations such as validation and regular calibration and difficult to apply to infants, in whom Korotkoff sounds are not audible. The oscillometric method uses an automatic device that eliminates errors caused by human observers and has the advantage of being easy to use; however, owing to its measurement accuracy issues, the development of an international validation protocol for children is important. The hybrid method, which combines the auscultatory and electronic methods, solves some of these problems by eliminating the observer bias of terminal digit preference while maintaining measurement accuracy; however, the auscultatory method remains limited. As the age-related characteristics of the pediatric group are heterogeneous, it is necessary to reconsider the appropriate BP measurement method suitable for this indication. In addition, the mobile application-based BP measurement market is growing rapidly with the development of smartphone applications. Although more research is still needed on their accuracy, many experts expect that mobile application-based BP measurement will effectively reduce medical costs due to increased ease of access and early BP management.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.49-55
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• 2024

Accurate measurement of blood pressure is essential for classifying an individual's disease, identifying blood pressure-related risks, and managing health. Due to the environmental and health hazards of mercury sphygmomanometers, automatic sphygmomanometers using the oscillometric method are widely used in hospitals as well as in general homes, and have established themselves as a practical standard sphygmomanometer. In this study, we developed a blood pressure simulator using an actuator that provides simulated pressure to an automatic blood pressure cuff. The developed blood pressure simulator adopts an arm-shaped cylindrical shape similar to the situation in which a person measures blood pressure with an automatic blood pressure monitor, and implements a method of transmitting pressure to the cuff using a pressure plate. Accuracy was evaluated through the mean and standard deviation of the difference with the commercialized blood pressure simulator BP PUMP 2, and reproducibility was confirmed using two automatic blood pressure monitors. The developed blood pressure simulator enables automatic blood pressure monitoring in a simple manner and also meets the evaluation standards for accuracy and reproducibility. In the future, as a standardized blood pressure simulator, it is expected to be of great help in evaluating and verifying the performance of automatic blood pressure monitors by supplementing precise hardware and software and building a blood pressure database.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.156-165
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• 2002

연구배경: 기관내 관에 의한 합병증 중에서 기낭에 연관된 문제로 높은 기낭압은 기관 점막의 허혈성 손상을 초래하고 너무 낮은 기낭압은 상기도 분비물의 흡인과 환기 가스의 누출에 따른 환기 장애를 초래한다. 이러한 기낭과 관련된 문제들을 예방하기 위해서는 적절한 기낭압을 유지하는 것이 중요하다. 더욱이 장기간 기계호흡을 받는 환자에서는 환자의 호흡역학의 변화 등 여러 원인에 의해서 적절한 기낭압이 변할 수 있어 기낭압의 지속적인 감시 및 관리가 필요할 것으로 사료되나 이에 대한 연구 보고가 없었다. 이에 본 연구는 장기간 기계호흡을 받는 환자에서 기관내관의 기낭압의 변화를 알아 보고 기낭압의 지속적인 감시 및 관리의 필요성을 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 호흡부전으로 14일 이상 장기간 기계호흡을 받는 환자를 대상으로 기관 내관 삽관 일부터 발관 일까지 매일 기낭 공기량의 변화에 따른 기낭압의 변화를 알아 보고 적절한 기낭압을 유지하기 위해 필요한 기낭 공기량을 측정하여 비교하였다. 결 과 : 기낭압은 삽관 일수에 따라 유의한 증가는 관찰되지 않았으나 적절한 기낭압을 유지 하기 위해서 필요한 기낭내 주입 공기량은 환자에 따라 1.9~6.9 cc 로써 다양하고 동일한 환자 내에서도 적절한 기낭압을 유지하기 위해 필요한 기낭내 주입 공기량의 변화가 심하고, 일정한 기낭 공기 3cc 주입시 측정된 기낭압의 변화가 평균 22 $cmH_2O$였다. 수은혈압계로 측정된 기낭압은 자동기낭압관리기로 측정된 기낭압과 정확히 일치하였다. 결 론 : 기낭압에 의한 합병증을 줄이기 위해서 일정한 공기량을 기낭내 주입하거나 간헐적인 기낭압의 측정으로는 적절한 기낭압을 지속적으로 유지 하는데 부적절하여 지속적인 기낭압의 측정 및 감시가 필요한 것으로 사료되며 이러한 목적으로 수은혈압계는 자동기낭압관리기를 대체하여 이용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.