• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.21-27
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• 2002

Angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory activities of shelled krill (Euphausia superba) hydrolysates by autolysis and by hydrolysis with commercial proteases were analyzed. Among the proteases, Alcalase was the most effective protease for the hydrolysis of krill considering the degree of hydrolysis $(87.5\%)$ and the ACE inhibitory activity $(60\%)$. Four hour hydrolysis suggested as the most suitable and economic. In order to establish the optimum hydrolysis condition of krill, degree of hydrolysis and ACE inhibitory activity as affected by Alcalase concentration and water amount added were statistically analyzed by response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum hydrolysis condition was $2.0\%$ Alcalase hydrolysis in 2 volumes (v/w) of water at $55\% for 4 hr. The hydrolysate prepared from the optimum hydrolysis condition was fractionated by molecular weight. The lower molecular weight fraction showed the higher ACE inhibitory activity. $IC_{50}$ of the fraction under 500 Da was 0.57mg protein/mL.

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.9-18
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• 1970

The present study is of ultra-fine structures of Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis and Epidermophyton floccosum by means of electron microscopy and reveals the following. 1. In contrast to the bacteria, the normal fungus contains nuclear membrane, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulun, distinct cell wall and cell membrane and secretory granules as observed in the higher plants and animals. 2. Thickening of the cell wall, inapparent cell wall, inapparent cell membrane with the appearance of electron thin area(ETA) and increase of inclusions were observed in the L-1 treated groups. 3. Thickening of cell wall and increase of ETA were more apparent in the Epidermophyton floccosum than the other groups. 4. Increase of electron thin area was thought to be associated with autolysis.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.15-28
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• 1984

The endosperm cells and the umbiliform layer of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) seed are studied with light and electron microscope. Differentiated mitochondria, ER cisternae, proplastids and ribosomes are characteristically observed in the endosperm cells of matured seed. The cell inclusions contain the protein bodies and the spherosomes. Protein body contains, in proteinaceous matrix, globoids and crystalloids. Particularly the crystalloids have the lattice structure, and the formation of globoids is closely related with ER. Umbiliform layer has the positive reaction on alcian blue (pH 2.5) and the metachromasis on the toluidine blue. The umbiliform layer is formed by autolysis of endosperm cells, and composed of the deformated cell wall and the lipoprotein bodies. Particularly a part of the lipoprotein body and the fibrilar network structure have the positive reaction on acid phosphatase.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.63-76
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• 1977

Irradiation with high doses of gamma rays induced the reduction of mycelial weight and anaylase activity, and increased relative amylase activity in surface cultures. Biphase in growth curves was shown in aeration-agitation cultures but the behavior of the first phase of growth could be eliminated by replacing the amylasehydrolysed starch substrates, so that enzyme production was shortened ca. 40 hours and relative amylase activity was increased about 3 times higher before onset of autolysis. In the effect of gibberellin on amylase production, the positive stimulation was appeared to only surface culturs of the liquid medium and the negative effect to shake-cultures in a mutant. Trials of various continuous culture were resulted not only the approalch to the value of amylase activity in surface cultures of liquid medium, but also higher productivity than in batch cultures. The culture-degeneration was observed in two-stage continuous culture, but did not appear in continuous elevation culture.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.276-280
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• 1993

Cell lytic enzyme, 5'-phosphodiesterase, and AMP-deaminase were used to produce yeast extract as a natural seasoning from beer yeast cells. Prior to the addition of cell lytic enzyme, heat treatment was performed to increase the cell wall degradation` the optimum condition of the cell lytic enzyme was 50C at pH 7.0. The production yields by the enzymatic method and conventional autolysis method were 42% and 35%, respectively. The total quantity of 5'-nucleotides, GMP and IMP, produced by enzymatic method was increased by 45% than that by the conventional method. Futhermore, the operation time of enzymatic method was only 6.5 hrs, significantly reduced from 24 hrs of the conventional method.

• 한국식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식물학회 1999년도 제13회 식물생명공학심포지움 New Approaches to Understand Gene Function in Plants and Application to Plant Biotechnology
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• pp.69-73
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• 1999

In plants as well as in other multicellular organisms, programmed cell death plays essential roles in the abortion or formation of specific cells and tissues during development to organize the plant [11, 15, 18]. A typical example of developmentally programmed cell death in plants is the death during differentiation of tracheary elements which are components of vessels and tracheids, a water-conducting system. The programming of cell death during tracheary element differentiation has been revealed to be unique to plant cells by using the in vitro Zinnia mesophyll cell culture system. In particular, new biosynthesis of autolysis-related enzymes such as cysteine proteases and nucleases, their accumulation of the vacuole and the programmed collapse of the vacuole are essential to the death of tracheary elements and differ greatly from the process of the apoptotic cell death in animals.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.427-433
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• 1995

The optimal condition for hydrolysis of oyster was evaluated with proteases using response surface methodology(RSM). Among 11 commerical proteases, APLTM 440 was selected as the suitable protease for producing oyster hydrolysate on the basis of cost per unit enzyme activity. The effect of autolysis on degree of hydrolysis in oyster was negligible comparing to that of APL 440 protease treatment. From RSM and ridge analysis, the conditions favoring the highest degree of hydrolysis were pH 9.95, 61.1$^{\circ}C$, 2.64 hr reaction time, 49.2% substrate, and 0.35% enzyme/substrate ratio. Oyster hydrolysate prepared under optimal conditions shwoed virtually 51.98% of hydrolysis.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.179-185
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• 2021

Vancomycin response regulator (VncR) is a pneumococcal response regulator of the VncRS two-component signal transduction system (TCS) of Streptococcus pneumoniae. VncRS regulates bacterial autolysis and vancomycin resistance. VncR contains two different functional domains, the N-terminal receiver domain and C-terminal effector domain. Here, we investigated VncR C-terminal DNA binding domain (VncRc) structure using a crystallization approach. Crystallization was performed using the micro-batch method. The crystals diffracted to a 1.964 Å resolution and belonged to space group P212121. The crystal unit-cell parameters were a = 25.71 Å, b = 52.97 Å, and c = 60.61 Å. The structure of VncRc had a helix-turn-helix motif highly similar to the response regulator PhoB of Escherichia coli. In isothermal titration calorimetry and size exclusion chromatography results, VncR formed a complex with VncS, a sensor histidine kinase of pneumococcal TCS. Determination of VncR structure will provide insight into the mechanism by how VncR binds to target genes.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제45권11호
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• pp.771-780
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• 2022

The field of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has expanded tremendously over the last decade. The role of cell-to-cell communication in neighboring or distant cells has been increasingly ascribed to EVs generated by various cells. Initially, EVs were thought to a means of cellular debris or disposal system of unwanted cellular materials that provided an alternative to autolysis in lysosomes. Intercellular exchange of information has been considered to be achieved by well-known systems such as hormones, cytokines, and nervous networks. However, most research in this field has searched for and found evidence to support paracrine or endocrine roles of EV, which inevitably leads to a new concept that EVs are synthesized to achieve their paracrine or endocrine purposes. Here, we attempted to verify the endocrine role of EV production and their contents, such as RNAs and bioactive proteins, from the regulation of biogenesis, secretion, and action mechanisms while discussing the current technical limitations. It will also be important to discuss how blood EV concentrations are regulated as if EVs are humoral endocrine machinery.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.235-240
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• 1979

krill을 식용화하기 위한 한 방법으로서 paste상 및 분말상의 krill soluble을 가공하고 제품의 구성아미노산 및 유리아미노 리의 조성을 검토하였다. 생동결 krill, 자가소화 및 $0.2\%$의 pronase-p의 첨가후의 가수분해에 의한 paste상과 분말상의 krill solube의 구성아미노산 중에는 glutamic acid, lysinge 및 aspartic acid가 가장 많았으며, cystine과 histidine이 가장 적었다. 생동결 krill의 유리아미노산중에는 lysine, arginine, proline, glycine, alanine 및 leucine이 가장 많았으며, cystine과 histidine 그리고 구성아미노산에서 그 함량이 많던 glutamic acid와 aspartic acid가 가장 적었다. 자가소화에 의한 paste상의 krill soluble의 유리아미노산에서는 생동결 krill에서 보다 glutamin acid, serine threonine, isoleucine, aspartic acid, valine 등의 량이 많아졌으며, 특히 glutamic acid는 거의 40배정도로 증가하였다. 전체적으로는 lysine, leucine, threonine 및 alanine 등이 많았으며 cystine, aspartic acid 및 histidine의 량이 적었다. $0.2\%$의 pronase-p를 첨가하여 가수분해한 paste상의 krill soluble 유리아미노산에는 aspartic acid와 glutamic acid이 량이 자가소화시보다 월등히 큰 증가폭을 보였으며 전체적으로는 lysine, leucine, arginine, alanine 및 proline이 많았으며 cystine, histidine, serine 등의 량이 적었다. 생동결 krill 및 drill soluble의 필수아미노산은 함량면에서 달걀과 비교하여 손색이 없었다.