• 의료법학
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.89-115
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• 2022

본 글에서는 보건의료관련 법령 중 의료법, 응급의료에 관한 법률, 의료사고 피해구제 및 의료분쟁 조정 등에 관한 법률을 민법에 기초하여 검토하고 해석하였다. 보건의료분야는 보건의료기술의 발달에 따른 의료현장의 변화를 반영하는 여러 법률이 존재하고 그 제정이나 개정도 매우 빈번하다. 그리고 제정이나 개정의 과정에서 현장의 수요를 반영하면서 보건의료관련 법령의 양상은 매우 복잡해지고 있다. 이러한 상황에서 법을 위반하지 않으려면 상당한 주의를 기울여야만 하고, 법적용을 위해서 구체적 지침이나 유권해석을 필요로 하는 경우도 많아지고 있다. 그리고 심지어는 그 지침이나 유권해석도 민법과 모순되는 경우가 종종 발생한다. 이 글에서는 보건의료관련 법령의 조문상 오류와 해석상 민법의 사고와 모순되는 경우를 찾아내어 보건의료관련 법령의 입안과 해석, 적용에도 민법적 사고가 필요함을 확인하였다.

• 한국항해항만학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국항해항만학회 2018년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.225-227
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• 2018

이 논문은 선박안전법시행규칙 제5조 제9호에 규정된 임시승선자의 연혁과 현황을 살펴보고, 외국의 입법례를 참고하여 개선방안을 제시하였다. 2015년 해양수산부장관은 농산물 수산물 가축 운송차량 등의 운전자를 임시승선자로 규정한 선박안전법시행규칙 제5조 제9호는 여객선에만 적용되고 화물선에는 적용되지 않는다는 유권해석을 내렸다. 이러한 유권해석은 전통적 해석방법론 뿐만 아니라 오늘날 일반적으로 통용되는 해석방법론에도 부합하지 않기 때문에 근거가 부족하고 설득력이 없어 보이며, 이 방법론에 따르면 선박안전법시행규칙 제5조 제9호는 여객선뿐만 아니라 화물선에도 적용될 수 있다. 또한, 로로화물선의 경우 선원과 동승하여 생활하는 선원의 가족이나 선박소유자 등은 임시승선자로 인정하더라도 승선인원의 안전과 선박의 안전운항에 문제가 없다고 하면서도, 화물관리인은 임시승선사로 인정하지 않는 것은 형평성에도 어긋날 뿐만 아니라 논리적 모순이 있다. 따라서 불필요한 논쟁과 송사를 피하기 위해서는 법률개정을 통한 입법론으로 개선방안을 마련하는 것이 바람직하며, 우리나라에서 운송되는 화물의 특수성이나 선박 운항의 특수성과 물류시스템의 현황을 반영하고, 자의적인 해석이 아니라 일반인의 상식적 판단에 따른 객관적 기준을 제시하기 위해서는 선박안전법시행규칙 제5조 제9호는 "화물의 특성상 특별한 관리가 필요한 농산물 수산물 운송차량, 가축 운송차량 및 폭발성 인화성 물질 운송차량의 화물관리인(운전자는 화물관리인을 겸할 수 있다)"으로 개정하여야 한다.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.147-156
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• 2018

PURPOSE: The law pertaining to medical service technologists does not discuss the scope and limits of doctors' guidelines. My paper aims to discuss these topics. METHODS: This study was based on a review of literature and an analysis of judicial precedents. RESULTS: Physical therapists have often noted the need for independent practitioners in their articles on health care. Their continued discussions on professional and educational differences have centered round this issue, but their ideas have not been accepted. Practitioners have continued to interpret doctors' guidelines in hospitals without discussing their scope. However, the Supreme Court presented a meaningful decision outlining the conceptual limits and the scope of medical practice. The court suggested, basing its interpretation in the goal of clarifying the concept of medical activities smoothly, was to follow a specific judgment on the levels of education, testing, and professionalism. CONCLUSION: The role of physical therapists is expanding in this country, in order to meet the needs of the ultra-aged society. Education is already responding to rising training needs. By dividing the doctors' guidelines into indirect and direct types, if there's no medical risk near or around the health center or hospital, it is a good idea to allow the management of physical therapy partially, while understanding the scope and limitations of these guidelines clearly. A teleological interpretation of the law is especially relevant, and can be implemented immediately by the authoritative interpretation on part of the health authorities without any legal amendments.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.113-130
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• 2020

Purpose - This paper examines the legal standards for the interpretation of contract terms in the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) and the cases thereunder in order to provide academic implication to promoting an appropriate understanding of this topic in practical business. Design/methodology - This article uses the literature research and case study under the PICC. Findings - the contract terms shall be interpreted according to the common intention of the parties. If such an intention cannot be established, the contract shall be interpreted according to the meaning that reasonable persons of the same kind as the parties would give to it in the same circumstances. The statements and other conduct of a party shall be interpreted according to that party's intention if the other party knew or could not have been unaware of that intention. If not, the reasonable person standard will apply. In applying above articles, all relevant circumstances including the conduct of the parties, practices and usages shall be considered. Terms and expressions shall be interpreted in the light of the whole contract or statement in which they appear and contract terms shall be interpreted so as to give effect to all the terms rather than to deprive some of them of effect. Where contract terms supplied by one party are unclear, contra proferentem rule applies. Where there is discrepancy between several equally authoritative versions of a contract, a preference is given to the interpretation according to the version originally drawn up. Where the parties to a contract have not agreed regarding an important term for their rights and duties, a term which is appropriate in the circumstances shall be supplied. Originality/value - This article examines various cases regarding the topic that were determined under the PICC. By finding legal standards and rulings of relevant cases, this article will help readers in practical business to enhance the ability to apply the provisions to their contracts.

• 시큐리티연구
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• 제4호
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• pp.5-27
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• 2001

This study analyzes the social function of democracy and the essential problems of social security of democracy. So far democracy has used a political term in politics. Democracy allows us the right to the freedom of individuality and social equality. Even scholars however, neglect to study about the criticism of democracy and social problems that are caused by democracy. It was expected that democracy would be valued by humans throughout the world. People have been fighting to establish a reliable political system of democracy. So they can have security in their society and the subject of politics. Therefore, We should consider study on democracy in function of democracy in relation to security of society and essential problems on what is democracy? Does democracy change with social change? Didier Bigo said, 'rising of freedom cause rising of a social unrest', B. Jeanneau said 'Democracy itself is the starting of social discord'. These are criticism of social security, the system and the function of democracy. It especially explains social discord and unrest that has occurred by an authoritative interpretation of democracy or the meaning of a word interpretation. It is a question of the day that it's converse the function of the system and the operation of democracy, act as social unrest.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.481-490
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• 2021

한국에 초음파사 자격제도는 없다. 그러나 「의료기사 등에 관한 법률」에 방사선사가 초음파 진단기를 취급할 수 있도록 규정하고 있다. 따라서 방사선사가 초음파검사를 시행하는데 허용되는 업무 범위와 한계에 대하여 논란이 있다. 이에 한국 보건복지부의 유권해석과 행정심판 재결, 법원의 판결을 분석해 보았다. 그 결과 유권해석에서는 방사선사가 초음파영상검사를 수행할 때 의사가 방사선사의 촬영영상을 동시에 보면서 실시간으로 진단과 구체적인 지도가 이루어질 수 있다면, 물리적으로 동일한 공간에 있어야 한다는 의미로서 입회 또는 기타 의료기술을 활용한 "의사의 실시간 지도하에 방사선사의 초음파검사 및 촬영"은 가능하며, 이 경우 의사의 지도는 방사선사와 1:1로 이루어져야만 한다'고 풀이하고 있다. 행정심판에서는 초음파 관련 장비의 취급은 방사선사의 업무라고 재결하였다. 법원에서는 의사의 구체적인 지휘·감독 없이 방사선사가 단독으로 초음파검사를 시행하고, 방사선사가 초음파검사에 대하여 의학적 판단을 하는 것은 위법이라고 판결하였다. 그러나 미국, 캐나다, 호주, 일본 등에서는 초음파사(sonographer, 超音波検査士)가 의사의 처방에 따라 독자적으로 환자에 대한 초음파검사를 하고, 그 결과에 대한 예비소견을 작성하여 의사에게 전달하고 있다. 따라서 한국에서도 미국 등과 같이 초음파검사를 시행하는 방사선사가 실시간 지도를 받지 않고 의사의 처방에 따라 초음파검사를 수행할 수 있도록 제도적 개선이 요구된다.

• 한국한의학연구원논문집
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.19-28
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• 2009

Objectives : The lawsuits associated with medical practice in Korean medicine are increasing gradually. However, the clear definition for medical practice in Korean medicine has not been existed in Korean law. Only we may understand the concept regulated by judicial precedents of the court of justice or the authoritative interpretation by the government. Methods : For study, a database was established for medical lawsuits involving Korean medicine(1968~2009, n=130). Results : According to court rulings, the medical practice in Korean medicine is an act to diagnose a person's illness, prescribe and treat to cure based on traditional Korean medicine, to be understood as a medical care, to have some factor to create or increase danger for the preservation of health or hygiene, and to be practiced by medical specialists based on their professional knowledge. Conclusions : But, such definition is not proper and exceedingly vague. Besides medical circumstances Koreans Medicine are changing, and new precedent to the definition of the practice of medicine is establishing. Therefore the meaning and scope of the medical practice in Korean medicine should be modified and amended, reflecting these conditions.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.272-280
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• 2022

During last few years, pandemic of COVID-19 has been a global issue. Under the COVID-19, global events have been restricted or canceled to secure public hygiene and safety. Since one of the largest global events is Olympic Games, we selected recent Olympic Games as our case of analysis. Tokyo Olympic Games (TOG) was held in 2021, but it encountered a millennium disaster, the pandemic of COVID-19. In such a special period, it is of great significance to explore the emotional tendency of global views before and TOG via artificial intelligence. This paper vastly collects the TOG comment data of mainstream websites in South Korea, China, and the United States by implementing crawler program for sentiment analysis (SA). And we use a variety of sentiment analysis models to compare the accuracy of the experimental results, to obtain more reliable SA results. In addition, in the prediction results, to reduce the distortion of opinion by a minority, we introduce an algorithm called "Removing Biased Minority Opinions (RBMO)" and provide how to apply this method to the interpretation domain. Through our method, more authoritative SA results were obtained, which in turn provided a basis for predicting the sentiment tendency of countries around the world in TOG during the COVID-19 epidemic.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.135-154
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• 2014

Purpose: There is an issue in applying various principles introduced in established Korean medical classics to "Pharmaceuticals Approval, Notification and Review" of "herbal medicinal preparations" and "new drugs from natural products" that are used for western forms of medical treatment. Thus, an analysis of the origin, purpose, and application of established Korean medical classics in the Korean Pharmaceutical Affairs Act is essential. Methods: We collected data regarding the origin, purpose, and application of established Korean medical classics in the Korean Pharmaceutical Affairs Act, and classified them by periodical change and subjects. Results: Established Korean medical classics are applied as follows: 1) as criteria for Korean medicine distributors' sales of mixed herbal drugs (Pharmaceutical Affairs Act; since 1953), 2) as official compendiums for pharmacists' preparation of Korean medicine (Ministry of Health and Welfare's authoritative interpretation; from early 1970s to 1993), 3) as standards for oriental pharmacists' quality measurement of preparations (notification of the Ministry of Health and Welfare; since 1995), 4) as criteria for "Pharmaceuticals Approval, Notification and Review" of herbal medicinal preparations and crude drug preparations (notifications regarding drug approval process by the Ministry of Health and Welfare and the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety; since 1978), and 5) as standards for the quality of materials of health functional food (from 2004 to 2011). Conclusion: The application of Korean medical classics has been closely related with the change of the laws, regulations, and systems that are relevant to Korean medicine, and it seems to be more favorable for pharmacists than oriental pharmacists. Meanwhile, regulations that apply prescriptions that are recorded in Korean medical classics - dosage, indications, and preparation methods - as criteria for the approval of crude drug preparations for western medical treatment should be abolished.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제69권
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• pp.127-151
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• 2016

UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts(PICC) was published in 1994. PICC has been functioned as a guideline of international commercial contracts, an applicable law to govern a contract by the agreement of the parties to a contract, general principles of law and lex mercatoria. In addition, PICC has a role of interpreting or supplementing international uniform law instruments as well as domestic laws, and also has served as a model for national and international legislations. PICC has been accepted as a authoritative source of knowledge of international trade usages of international commercial contracts to the arbitral tribunal rather than domestic court because it excluded the characteristics of hard law at the drafting stage. This article dealt with the rule on gross disparity of validity which fall outside the scope of UN Convention on Contract for the International Sale of Goods(CISG), which has obtained a leading legal position of uniform law in international sales of good. In other words, PICC suggests a series of meaningful solutions to the issue of gross disparity of contract which is the most complicated among legal disputes occurring during the process of conclusion of contact and also extremely different and diverse between legal systems. This article covered the issue of gross disparity of contract at the conclusion of contact and suggested the legal basis of several rules related to the gross disparity by analysing gross disparity rule of PICC. Furthermore, this article suggested legal check points or implication as well as interpretation and evaluation on doctrine of laesio enormis and undue influence or unconscionability. This article also dealt with a comparative analysis with Principles of European Contract Law(PECL) and Common European Sales Law(CESL) which have important legal positions in the area of international commercial contract as well as in terms of close relationship to PICC by linking with recent court or arbitral tribunal rulings.