• 아동학회지
• /
• 제29권6호
• /
• pp.87-103
• /
• 2008

The purpose of this study was to develop an intervention program for decreasing inattentive and impulsive behaviors of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) by combining cognitive training and cognitive-behavioral therapy. Subjects were 22 children who were classified as ADHD. Eleven children among the 22 were placed randomly in the experimental group; the remaining 11 children were placed in the control group. The effectiveness of the program was analyzed by ANCOVA after controlling for effects of pre-tests on criterion variables. Results of the present study showed that the cognitive intervention program was significantly effective for improving attention span and decreasing impulsivity of children with ADHD.

• 대한간호학회지
• /
• 제40권3호
• /
• pp.453-461
• /
• 2010

Purpose: In this study differences in behavioral problems between children at risk for Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) and normally developing children were identified. Further, relationships between parental stress, depression, and child behavioral problems according to ADHD symptoms were explored. Methods: Participants were 222 elementary school children and their parents. The ADHD risk group was determined by the Korean-ADHD Rating Scale. Data were collected using the Korean-ADHD Rating Scale, Korean version of Child Behavior CheckList (K-CBCL), Parenting Stress Index, and Beck Depression Inventory. Data were analyzed using t-test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and regression analysis. Results: 1) The ADHD risk group showed higher levels of behavioral problems, parenting stress, and maternal depression than the normal group. 2) There were significant relationships between ADHD scores and parenting stress (r=.66), maternal depression (r=.35), internal behavioral problems (r=.47), and external problems (r=.55), but, ADHD risk scores were negatively correlated with social competence (r=-.40). 3) The regression analysis revealed that ADHD levels affected the child's internal behavioral problems, mediated by maternal depression ($\beta$=.29, p<.001). Conclusion: The study results show that higher risk scores for ADHD indicate a significant effect for behavioral problems. Also, parenting stress and depression influence child's behavioral problems. These results suggest that identification of children at risk for ADHD and development of parental education programs would contribute to the prevention of behavioral problems and aggravation of the ADHD symptoms.

• 생물정신의학
• /
• 제12권2호
• /
• pp.221-226
• /
• 2005

교통사고 등에 의한 외상성 뇌손상에서 이차적으로 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애가 나타나는 경우가 점차 증가하고 있으며, 이에따른 치료방법도 점차 다양화되고 있는 추세이다. 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애에서 많이 사용되어지는 OROS Methylphenidate를 환자에게 투여하여 인지적인 개선뿐만아니라 충동성, 산만함, 공격성 등의 증상에 효과가 있는지의 여부를 살펴보고자 하였다. 약물투여 전에 비하여 약물투여 후에 환자는 충동성, 공격성, 부주의의 개선효과를 나타내었다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• /
• 제26권3호
• /
• pp.183-189
• /
• 2015

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate Korean Wechsler Intelligence profiles and specific abilities related to attention problem of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods : The Korean Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-fourth edition (K-WISC-IV) and Advanced Test of Attention (ATA) were administered to 91 children and adolescents (age $8.5{\pm}2.6$ years, 73 boys) with ADHD. Pearson correlation and independent t-tests were used. Results : The means of Working Memory Index (WMI) and Processing Speed Index (PSI) showed a score of low average in K-WISC-IV. WMI scores for the K-WISC-IV showed clinically significant correlations with omission errors, commission errors, and response time variability on auditory ATA. PSI scores also showed significant correlations with response time and variability on visual ATA. In addition, significantly lower digit span backward scores were observed in hyperactive-impulsive/combined subtypes compared to inattentive subtype (t=3.60, p<.001). Conclusion : Children with ADHD showed significantly lower scores in WMI and PSI which were clinically correlated with ATA scores, and hyperactive-impulsive/combined subtypes showed poorer working memory functions in WMI. Follow-up studies are proposed.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
• /
• 제20권11호
• /
• pp.127-133
• /
• 2015

In this paper, we propose that college counselors be more knowledgable of adult ADHD symptoms and develop better understandings of subtypes of the disorder. The findings in this study show that college students with different subtypes of ADHD symptoms experience different types of psychological maladjustment as well as different levels of psychological distress. Specifically, combined-type trait group show the highest levels of each of subscale of SCL-90-R among the other groups (i.e., normal, predominant inattentive subtype, hyperactive-impulsive type). Furthermore, combined typed trait group show significantly higher levels of animosity and paranoid ideation than the others. Therefore, college counselors need to provide effective interventions addressing intense emotion and cognitive distortion among college students with ADHD combined symptoms.

• 대한간호학회지
• /
• 제41권2호
• /
• pp.256-268
• /
• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to use meta-analysis to examine recent domestic articles related to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in school-age children. Methods: After reviewing 213 articles published between 1990 and 2009 from and cited in RISS, KISS, and DBpia, the researchers identified 24 studies with 440 research variables that had appropriate data for methodological study. SPSS 17.0 program was used. The outcome variables were divided into five types: Inattention, hyperactive impulsive, intrinsic, extrinsic, and academic ability variables. Results: Effects size of overall core symptoms was 0.47 which is moderate level in terms of Cohen criteria and effects size of overall negative variables related ADHD was 0.27 which is small level. The most dominant variable related to ADHD was obtained from hyperactive-impulsive (0.70). Also academic ability (0.45), inattention (0.37), and intrinsic variables (0.29) had a small effect whereas extrinsic variables (0.13) had little effect on descriptive ADHD study. Conclusion: The results reveal that ADHD core symptoms have moderate effect size and peripheral negative variables related ADHD have small effect size. To improve the reliability of the meta-analysis results by minimizing publication bias, more intervention studies using appropriate study designs should be done.

• Child Health Nursing Research
• /
• 제15권4호
• /
• pp.383-391
• /
• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of study was to describe knowledge and attitude to Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) in preschool teachers in Korea. Methods: Survey methodology using a self administered questionnaire was employed as the research design. Knowledge and attitude were measured with a questionnaire modified from Jerome, Gordon, and Hustler (1994) and Ghanizadeh, Bahredar, and Moeini (2006). Of 223 questionnaires mailed out to 42 daycare centers in one district in Seoul, 164 questionnaires (73.5%) were used for data analysis. Data analysis was done using SPSS.WIN 15.0. Results: The mean score on knowledge for the teachers was 11.27 (59.3%) out of maximum score of 19. For question items, the percentage of correct answers related to etiology of ADHD was under 10% and the correct rate regarding treatment of ADHD was over 90%. Preschool teachers had a mean score on attitude of 20.77 out of 33. Less than 50% of the teachers reported positive attitudes toward the child with ADHD and over 90% agreed that the child with ADHD needs a special environment and specially trained teachers. Age (r=.236, p=.002) and marital status (t=-3.661, p=.000) were significantly related to attitude toward the child with ADHD. Knowledge and attitude had a significant positive correlation (r=.245, p=.001). Conclusion: These results suggest that educational programs and strategies should be developed to increase knowledge of preschool teachers on ADHD. Public health nurses also need to develop and implement education programs for teachers at daycare centers and others involved in child care in the community.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
• /
• 제25권5호
• /
• pp.987-998
• /
• 2014

본 연구에서는 우리나라 환경부에서 최근에 구축한 아동 동집단 경시적 자료인 아동 건강과 환경 연구 (CHEER) 자료에 기초하여 주의력 결핍 과잉행동 장애 (ADHD)와 혈중 납 농도의 상관을 선형혼합모형을 사용하여 규명하고, CHEER 자료의 경시적 특성으로 나타나는 ADHD 점수의 "평균으로의 회귀" 현상을 보고하고자 한다. 또한 ADHD를 종점으로 한 혈중 납 농도의 용량-반응 곡선을 도출하며, 이렇게 도출된 용량-반응 곡선에 기초하여 몇 가지 상황 하에서 독성기준치인 벤치마크 용량 하한 (BMDL)을 유도한다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• /
• 제21권2호
• /
• pp.72-79
• /
• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to examine the difference in functional impairment between children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and normal controls, and to compare the functional impairment across ADHD subtypes. Methods : Children and adolescents with ADHD between the ages of 6 and 18 years were recruited for the study. Parents and teachers of the ADHD subjects completed the parents' and teachers' forms of the Children and Adolescents Functioning Impairment Scale (CAFIS), respectively. The results of these scales were compared to those of normal controls. Results : Subjects included 110 children with ADHD, predominantly inattentive type (ADHD-IA) ; 23 with ADHD, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type (ADHD-HI) ; and 60 ADHD, combined type (ADHD-C). When compared to 41 normal controls, there were significant differences in CAFIS-parent and CAFIS-teacher scales for the ADHD group. Functional impairment in the family relationship as rated by the parents was higher in children with ADHD-C when compared to that of children with ADHD-IA. Conclusion : In comparison to normal children, children with ADHD have a higher level of impairment in several functional areas, and differences exist in functional impairment across ADHD subtypes. Further, ratings of functional impairment between parents and teachers were inconsistent. Thus, gathering information from the teachers is important when diagnosing or establishing treatment regimens for ADHD.

• 수면정신생리
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.85-95
• /
• 1996

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome(OSAS) in childhood is unique and different n-om that in adulthood in several aspects, including pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic criteria, complications, management, and prognosis. Characteristic features of childhood OSAS in comparison with the adult form are the variety of severe complications such as developmental delay, more prominent behavioral and cognitive impairments, vivid cardiovascular symptoms, and increased death risk, warranting a special attention to the possible diagnosis of OSAS in children who snore. However, the childhood OSAS is often neglected and unrecognized. We, therefore, report a case of very severe OSAS in a 5-year-old boy who was sucessfully treated with continuous positive airway pressure(CPAP) treatment. Interestingly, the patient was comor-bid with the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Prior to the initial visit to us, adenotonsillectomy had been done at the age of 4 with no significant improvement of apneic symptoms and heavy snoring. On the initial diagnostic procedures, marked degree of snoring was audible even in the daytime wake state and the patient was observed to be very hyperactive. Increased pulmonary vascularity with borderline cardiomegaly was noted on chest X-ray. The baseline polysomnography revealed that the patient was very sleep-apneic and snored very heavily, with the respiratory disturbance index(RDI) of 46.9 per hour of sleep, the mean SaO2 of 78.8%, and the lowest SaO2 of 40.0%(the lowest detectable oxygen level by the applied oxymeter). The second night polysomnography was done for CPAP titration and the optimal pressure turned out to be $8.0\;cmH_2O$. The applied CPAP treatment was well tolerated by the patient and was found to be very effective in alleviating heavy snoring and severe repetitive sleep apneas. After 18 months of the CPAP treatment, the patient was followed up with nocturnal polysomnography(baseline and CPAP nights) and clinical examination. Sleep apneas were still present without CPAP on the baseline night. However, the severity of OSAS was significantly decreased(RDI of 15.7, mean SaO2 of 96.2%, and the lowest SaO2 of 83.0%), compared to the initial polysomnographic findings before initiation of long-term CPAP treatment. Wechsler intelligence tests done before and after the CPAP treatment were compared with each other and surprising improvement of intelligence(total 9 points, performance 16 points) was noted. Clinically he was found to be markedly improved in his attention deficit hyperactive behavior after CPAP treatment, but with minimal change of TOVA(test of variables of attention) scores except conversion of reaction time score into normal range. On the chest X-ray taken after 18 months of CPAP application, the initial cardiopulmonary abnormalities were not found at all. We found that the CPAP treatment in a young child is very effective, safe, and well-tolerated and also improves the co-morbid attention deficit hyperactive symptoms. Overall, the growth and development of the child has been facilitated with the long-term use of CPAP. Cardiovascular complications induced by OSAS have been also normalized with CPAP treatment. We suggest that early diagnosis and active treatment intervention of OSAS in children are crucial in preventing and ameliorating possible serious complications caused by repetitive sleep apneas and consequent hypoxic damage during sleep.