• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제62권9호
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• pp.360-366
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• 2019

Background: Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common chronic behavioral disorders in school-aged children. Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of omega-3 supplementation as an alternative therapy for ADHD, which can be caused by vitamin and mineral deficiencies. Methods: This was a double-blinded clinical trial study. Sixty-six children with ADHD (aged 6-12 years) referred to our child and adolescent psychiatric educational and therapeutic clinic were selected based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision criteria. Instruments including the Parent ADHD Rating Scale were used to assess ADHD at 0, 2, 4, and 8 weeks during the study. Results: The results showed no statistically significant difference between the methylphenidate with omega-3 group and methylphenidate with placebo group based on the Parents ADHD Rating Scale between week 0 ($P{\geq}0.96$) and week 8 ($P{\geq}0.75$). There were no significant intergroup differences between the Inattention ($P{\geq}0.48$) and hyperactivity/impulsivity ($P{\geq}0.80$) subscale scores on the Parents ADHD Rating Scale. The most common drug complications in the methylphenidate with placebo and methylphenidate with omega-3 groups were anorexia (27 [54%] vs. 41 [60.29%], respectively) and diarrhea (10 [20%] vs. 8 [11.76%], respectively), but the differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that a specific dose of omega-3 for 8 weeks had no effect on ADHD.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.9-25
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• 2004

Behavioral characteristics of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) is one of the most common mental disorders among children.child psyachiatry. Inattention, Hyperactivity that is done by hyperkinesis or minimal brain dysfunction is major sypmton in ADHD, But etiology and pathological facor of ADHD is very much or unkown.. We brought to about a Study on the Oriental - medical pathologic Understanding about Inattention, Hyperactivity symptom in ADHD within Don yui bo gam Book are as follows. 1. Oriental medical pathologic concepts about Inattention, Hyperactivity are continuous with process of Yang Qi(陽氣), an unbalance of qi(氣) and shen ming(神明), excess of seven emotions(七情), pathology of Huo(火). 2. Immanent factors in inattention, Hyperactivity are improper diet, overtiredness and seven emotions, are continuous with pathological process of the heart, liver, gall bladder, spleen, stomach, kidneys. 3. In oriental medicine, considered as a child's qi of shao yang, dynamic physiological feature, excess and want of yin and yang, organs and bowels, immanently imbalance in growth rather than a child's mental disorder 4. Inattention, looseness in ADHD-PI type are continuous with forgetfulness, improper overtiredness, shortage of qi, the interior heat syndrome due to yin deficiency within Don yui bo gam Book 5. Hyperactivity, impulsive actions in ADHD-C type are continuous with sudden palpitation, severe palpitation, delirium, fidgeting due to deficiency, fidgetiness, hyperactivity of huo due to yin deficiency, fever, febrile disease with accumulation of blood.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.63-72
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• 2017

연구목적 본 연구는 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애(attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ADHD) 환자들을 대상으로 다양한 실행기능과 정량화 뇌파간의 상관성을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 31명의 소아청소년 ADHD 환자를 대상으로 정량화 뇌파를 측정하였다. 종합주의력검사(Comprehensive Attention Test, CAT), 스트룹 색-단어 추론 검사(Color-Word Inference Test, CWIT), 선추적 검사(Trail Making Test, TMT), 카드분류검사(Card Sorting Test, CST)가 시행되었고 한국어판 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애 평정척도(Korean version of the ADHD Rating Scale, K-ARS)가 측정되었다. 결과 CAT 검사 점수와 알파, 베타 파워가 양적 상관이 있는 반면, 델타 파워와는 부적 상관이 있었다. CWIT 검사에서는 감소된 델타 파워와 증가된 베타 파워가 높은 수행수준과 관련 있었다. 높은 TMT 검사 점수는 증가된 알파 대역 파워와 관련이 있었으며, CST 검사에서 델타 파워는 높은 수행수준과 부적 상관이 있는 반면 알파, 하이 감마파의 파워와는 양적 상관을 보였다. K-ARS 점수는 알파 파워와 부적 상관을 보였다. 결론 정량화 뇌파는 ADHD 환자들의 실행기능과 상관성을 보이며 신경생리학적 지표로서의 유용성이 시사된다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.267-277
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• 2016

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common, childhood-onset, neuropsychiatric disorder with an estimated prevalence of 2-7.6% in Korean children. Although the etiology of ADHD is not well understood, evidence from genetic factor and environmental factor studies suggests that ADHD results from a gene environmental interaction. In the current study, we reviewed the evidence for and clinical implications of the hypothetical roles of organophosphate pesticides, organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, phthalate, bisphenol, polyfluoroalkyl chemicals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, mercury, lead, arsenic, cadmium, manganese, tobacco, alcohol as harmful risk factors in the development of ADHD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.74-82
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• 2019

Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate clinical and neuropsychological factors associated with treatment response and adverse events of atomoxetine in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Korea. Methods: Children with ADHD were recruited at the Department of Psychiatry of Asan Medical Center from April 2015 to April 2018. Diagnoses of ADHD and comorbid psychiatric disorders were confirmed with the Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version. The subjects were subsequently treated with atomoxetine for 12 weeks and illness severity was scored using the ADHD Rating Scale, Clinical Global Impression-Severity scale (CGI-S) and/or Improvement scale (CGI-I), at pre- and post-treatment. They also completed the Advanced Test of Attention (ATA), while their caregivers completed the Korean Personality Rating Scale for Children (KPRC) at pre- and post-treatment. Independent t-test, Fisher's exact test, ${\chi}^2$ test, mixed between-within analysis of variance and correlation analysis were used for statistical analysis. Results: Sixty-five children with ADHD (mean age: $7.9{\pm}1.4years$, 57 boys) were enrolled, of which, 33 (50.8%) were treatment responders. Scores on the social dysfunction subscale of the KPRC (p=0.021) and commission errors on the visual ATA (p=0.036) at baseline were higher in treatment non-responders than in responders; however, the statistical significances disappeared after adjusting for multiple comparisons. Mood changes were also observed in 13 subjects (20.0%), and three of them discontinued atomoxetine due to this. Additionally, atomoxetine-emergent mood change was observed more frequently in girls (p=0.006), while the intelligence quotient (p=0.040) was higher in those subjects with mood changes than in those without. Conclusion: The results of our study suggest that clinical and neuropsychological factors could be associated with treatment response or adverse events of atomoxetine in children with ADHD. Further long-term studies with larger samples are needed.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.63-68
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to examine the association of exposures to heavy metals with positive diagnosis for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and Tourette's syndrome (TS). Methods : Study participants included 27 children diagnosed with ADHD ($9.9{\pm}2.9$ years of age), 21 diagnosed with Tourette's disorder ($10.7{\pm}2.2$ years of age), and 45 normal control children ($9.6{\pm}0.5$ years of age). A Perkin-Elmer mass spectrometer was used to measure the concentrations of 5 heavy metals (Pb, Cd, U, Be, Hg) in hair samples obtained from each participant. Each heavy metal concentration was compared among the groups by use of a Kruskal-Wallis test. Results : The levels of lead (p=.006) and cadmium (p=.037) observed in the hair of children diagnosed with ADHD were significantly higher than those found in the control subjects. There were no significant differences observed for heavy metal levels when comparing TS and control subjects. Conclusion : We confirmed that lead exposure is a risk factor for ADHD. We also identified that cadmium may be a new candidate risk factor for manifestation of ADHD. We did not find an association between heavy metals and manifestation of TS.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.10-16
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• 2011

There has been a growing interest in sleep problems associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this paper, we reviewed the current literature on the underlying sleep problems associated with ADHD. Sleep problems are very common in children with ADHD. Patients with ADHD may have sleep difficulties including difficulty falling asleep, frequent night awakening, increased tiredness upon waking. Children with ADHD are associated to restless legs syndrome, periodic limb movement and sleep-disordered breathing. Screening for other psychiatric comorbidities and the side effects of medications, such as psychostimulants, is also necessary when considering sleep problems in ADHD. Sleep problems can cause a negative impact on the quality of life and emotional well-being both of children with ADHD and their parents. Many evidences suggest that assessment of sleep difficulties should be included in evaluating the patient of ADHD.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.43-55
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• 2008

This study examines the effect of group-counseling programs for parents of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) on parenting stress, parenting competence, and symptoms related to ADHD. For this study, 9 parents of children with ADHD were selected as an experimental group that participated in a group-counseling program and another 9 parents of children with ADHD for a control group that participated in a group of free conversation without a program. The program consisted of 9 sessions (a 70 minute meeting per session) with 2 sessions a week. Data were analyzed by a paired t-test and independent samples t-test, using SPSS program packages. Results showed significant before and after differences in the degree of parenting competence and that Parenting competence was improved with the experimental group.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.183-189
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• 2017

Objectives: The study aimed to identify the characteristics of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) that was not diagnosed in childhood or adolescence, but only in adulthood. Methods: The characteristics of patients diagnosed with ADHD in adulthood were compared with those of patients diagnosed in childhood were assessed via a retrospective review of the medical records at one university hospital from 2005 to 2013. If the age at which they were confirmed as having ADHD was less than 19 years old, they were grouped as childhood-diagnosed group (CD); if they were 19 years old or more, they were grouped as adulthood-diagnosed group (AD). Results: The CD and AD included 50 (46.3%) and 58 (53.7%) patients, respectively. Inattention was the most common symptom in both groups. Behavioral and emotional problems were the second most frequent symptoms in the CD and AD, respectively. The intelligent quotient was significantly higher in the AD than in the CD. The most common comorbidity was depression in the CD and personality disorder in the AD. The most common reason for visiting the hospital was referral by acquaintances in the CD and media coverage in the AD. Conclusion: Clinicians should put ADHD on the index of suspicion when they examine adults with various psychiatric symptoms, because the diagnosis of ADHD might have been missed in childhood and the symptoms of ADHD might have changed as they grew up.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.146-154
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• 2004

Objective:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) is the most common childhood psychiatric disorder, affecting 3-5% of school-aged children. Although the biological basis of ADHD is unknown, family studies provide strong evidence that ADHD has a genetic basis. Recent genetic studies have suggested associations between ADHD and serotonin 1B(5HT1B) receptor gene G861C polymorphism. The aim of this study is to test for the association between ADHD and 5HT1B receptor gene G861C polymorphism in Korean population. Method:We processed DNA extraction and genotyping. 106 Korean children with ADHD and their parents were analyzed using the transmission disequilibrium test(TDT) and haplotype-based haplotype relative risk (HHRR). And the ADHD children were compared with 212 age and gender matched normal controls. Results:There was no statistical difference of distributions between ADHD cases and controls. We did not observe any preferential transmission of alleles of 5HT1B receptor gene G861C polymorphism in ADHD. Conclusions:Though there is the possibility of failing to detect small genetic effects, our results show no evidence of an association between ADHD and 5HT1B receptor gene G861C polymorphism in the Korean population and indicate that it is unlikely that the 5HT1B receptor is implicated in the susceptibility to ADHD.