• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.72-82
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• 2008

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the use of non-stimulants, including atomoxetine, bupropion and modafinil, as alternative approaches to the treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. A comprehensive review of the empirically based literature regarding the efficacy and the safety of the non-stimulants was performed. There is a large and increasing body of data supporting the efficacy and the safety of non-stimulants. Although the treatment effect sizes for non-stimulants may be smaller than those for stimulants, non-stimulants alone have been shown to be effective in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder as well as several comorbidities. These results suggest that non-stimulants are effective in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Further studies are needed to improve our understanding of alternative pharmacological medications in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

• Human Ecology Research
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• 제55권4호
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• pp.433-440
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• 2017

The purpose of the research was to examine the moderating effects of children's prosocial behavior on a potential relationship of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and peer rejection as well as friendship. Participants consisted of 252, 3 year old including 136 boys and 116 girls. They were recruited from day care centers and preschools in Gyeonggi province and Incheon city. Prosocial behavior and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder syndrome were assessed based on teacher ratings. A peer nomination inventory was used to assess peer rejection and friendship. Children were asked to nominate three peers that they liked and considered friends as well as three peers that they did not like and did not consider friends. Findings suggested that prosocial behavior moderated the relation between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and peer rejection as well as friendship. ADHD was related to peer rejection and fewer friends for children with lower levels of prosocial behavior. However, the association of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and peer rejection was not significant for children who had higher levels of prosocial behavior. Moreover, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder did not influence to friendship for children who had the higher levels of prosocial behavior. The results indicate that increasing prosocial behavior may improve peer relationship functioning of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.3-10
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• 2010

Objectives ： The current review aimed to describe the major findings of the NIMH Collaborative Multisite Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (MTA) with regard to the treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods ： We performed a general review of the literature regarding the efficacy of the MTA's proposed treatments. Results ： There is a large and still increasing body of evidence regarding the MTA's treatment outcomes. We present and discuss details of the findings at each follow-up point. Conclusion ： Currently, findings regarding the MTA's treatments suggest children with combined-type ADHD exhibit significant impairment in adolescence, despite their initial symptom improvement. Further studies, using innovative treatment approaches and targeting specific areas of adolescent impairment, are needed in order to enhance ADHD treatment outcomes.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.56-68
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• 2019

Objectives The purpose of this study to analyze the effect of Korean medicine therapy of Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders. Methods Electronic research articles were selected by using NDSL, OASIS, KISS, KMBASE, K-portal, Pubmed, Cochrane, and Ebscohost. Results We analyzed fifteen studies about Korean medicine treatment of Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders. There are eleven studies on the acupuncture treatment, and the most commonly used acupoints were GV20 and EX-HN1. There are eight studies on the herb medicine treatment. The most commonly used herbal materials are Root of Rehmanniae Radix et Rhizoma Preparata, Root of Rehmanniae Radix et Rhizoma Preparata, Sclerotium of Poria cocos Wolf, and Rhizome of Acori Gramineri Rhizoma. Syncope and hematomas were common side effects of the acupuncture treatment. Also, the acupuncture needle can be stuck or bent during the treatment. In most studies, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders was improved when treated with Korean medicine. Conclusions More studies are needed to demonstrate the effectiveness of Korean medicine in Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders. This study can be used for various studies of Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.237-245
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this thesis was to examine the effects of social skills training program onto the children with tendency of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Methods: This study used nonequivalent control group pre/post-test quasi-experimental research design. The subjects were 18 children with tendency of attention- deficit hyperactivity in D City. The subjects were divided into two groups, an experimental group of 8 children and a control group of 10. The program consisted of 20 sessions of 60 minutes per session, 5 days a weeks, for 4 weeks. The research tools included Conner's Teacher Rating Scales (CTRS) and Social Skills Rating System (SSRS). The collected data were analyzed using $x^2$ test, Mann-Whitney test on the SPSS 17.0 program. Results: a) the scores for cooperation, self-assertiveness, self-control and empathy increased significantly in the experimental group, compared to the control group. b) the scores for social skills increased significantly in the experimental group, compared to the control group. Conclusion: It appears that the social skills training program is a useful nursing intervention to improve the social skills for children with tendency of attention-deficit hyperactivity.

• 아동학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.167-182
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• 2002

The effectiveness of behavior group counseling using the games of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) was studied with 24 primary school children (12 each in the experimental and in the control groups). The subjects were selected on the basis of the Abbreviated Conners Teacher Rating Scale-Revised. The counseling program consisted of 12 sessions over a 6-week period. Effectiveness of the training was evaluated with the Conners Teacher Rating Scale-Revised, the ADHD teacher's rating scale, and the Korea-Child Behavior Checklist. Findings were that the group receiving counseling exhibited improved attention, social relationships, and self control. They also exhibited decreased carelessness-passivity, hyperactivity, hostility and fewer behavior problems.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제51권9호
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• pp.935-943
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• 2008

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral developmental disorder characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity, as well as forgetfulness, poor impulse control or impulsivity, and distractibility. The recommended evaluation includes documenting the type and severity of ADHD symptoms, verifying the presence of normal vision and hearing, screening for comorbid psychological conditions, reviewing the child's developmental history and school performance, and applying objective measures of cognitive function. Prevailing opinion characterizes ADHD as a disorder of executive function attributable to abnormal dopamine transmission in the frontal lobes and frontostriatal circuitry. A clearly defined etiology remains unknown, but studies suggest a strong genetic link. The aim of treatment is to decrease symptoms, enhance functionality, and improve well-being for the child and his or her close contacts. Stimulants remain the pharmacological agents of first choice for the management of ADHD, and psychosocial, behavioral and educational strategies that enhance specific behaviors may improve educational and social functioning in children with ADHD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.88-93
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• 2020

Objectives: Mood disorder is highly comorbid with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and comorbid ADHD symptoms are associated with suicide risk. The aim of this study was to examine the association between comorbid ADHD symptoms and the number of suicide attempts among patients with unipolar and bipolar depression. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 100 patients with either unipolar or bipolar depression constituted the final sample. Pearson's correlation and multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between comorbid ADHD symptoms and suicide risk. Results: Among patients with bipolar depression, the number of suicide attempts was significantly correlated with ADHD symptoms (r=0.324, p<0.01). ADHD symptoms significantly predicted the number of suicide attempts (β=0.249, p<0.05). Conclusion: Our findings underscore the importance of screening and assessing ADHD symptoms in male young adults with depressive disorders.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.106-113
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• 1993

저자들은 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) 환자에서 과잉활동증을 동반한 집단과 과잉활동증을 동반하지 않은 집단간에 행동 및 정서적 특성을 비교하고, 각 증상척도들 간의 임상적 관계를 알아보기 위하여 본 연구를 시행하였다. ADHD 환자 36명을 Werry-Weiss-Peters Activity Rating Scale(WWPARS) 평가기준(20점)에 따라 Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity(ADD+H) 집단 19명과 Attention Deficit Disorder without Hyperactivity(ADD-H) 집단 17명으로 분류하여 Conners Rating Scale(CRS), Home Situations Questionnaire(HSQ), School Situations Questionnair(SSQ), Child Behavior Check-list(CBCL) 등을 시행한 결과 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) 두 집단간에 인구학적 특성은 차이가 없었다. 2) ADD+H 집단의 CRS 행동증상척도는 점수는 ADD-H 집단에 비하여 유의하게 높았으며, HSQ와 SSQ를 통하여 가정과 학교에서의 행동문제 상황을 비교한 결과, ADD+H 집단의 행동문제 상황의 유형이나 개수 및 증상의 심도가 ADD-H 집단에 비하여 유의하게 높았다. 3) 각 집단의 CBCL 8개 소척도 점수를 비교하였을 때, ADD+H 집단의 비행척도와 공격성 척도가 유의하게 높았다. 4) ADHD의 행동증상과 CBCL의 행동정서척도 간의 상관관계를 조사한 결과, CRS, WWWPARS의 행동증상척도와 CBCL의 공격성척도, 비행척도, 정서불안정척도 간에는 유의한 양성 상관관계가 있었으며, 특히 공격성척도와 과잉활동증 간에는 매우 유의한 상관성이 있음을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구결과로 미루어 ADHD는 과잉활동증의 유무에 따라 그 임상적 특징이 차이가 있음을 시사하며, 향후 ADHD의 여러 임상적 유형과 약물치료효과 간의 관련성에 대한 연구 및 ADHD 환자에서 행동 특성과 인지기능이 통합된 연구의 필요성이 요구된다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.10-15
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• 2011

In this review, we have provided an overview of the environmental risk factors for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), focusing on the major environmental toxicants related to the disorder. Researchers have indicated that since the characteristics of ADHD are complex, the disorder’s etiology involves multiple genes of moderate effect interacting with environmental factors. The possible roles of prenatal and perinatal exposure have been the main focus of research on environmental risk factors for ADHD. Among environmental toxicants, we reviewed the potential effects on the development of ADHD of exposure to lead, nicotine, alcohol, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and dioxin. Further, for the each neurotoxicant, clinical prevention or intervention strategies aimed at reducing a child’s risk from environmental toxic insults have been presented.