• Journal of Family Relations
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.89-109
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• 2018

Objectives: The study aims to examine the influence of university students' sociodemographic variables, parents' variables, and personal variables on their level of depression. Method: The study included a total of 334 university students enrolled in Busan. The data were used to perform correlational analysis and hierarchical regression analysis and were processed using the SPSS 23.0 program. Results: The main results of this study were as follows: First, the hierarchical regression analyses revealed that the most influential model was the model of personal variables. Among the personal variables, self-esteem was the most influential factor responsible for university students developing depression - the higher their level of self-esteem, the lower their level of depression. Among the parent variables, attachment to their father was the second most significant influence on the depression level of university students. Conclusions: This study showed that, in addition to attachment to their father, their self-esteem was highly significant in predicting university students' depression. The results of these findings have implications for future research in the form of programs and education to improve the relationship with fathers. Furthermore, the results of this study could be used to help and provide basic resources to alleviate and prevent university students' depression by strengthening their self-esteem.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.131-163
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• 2007

Recently, the importance of 'character' is widely acknowledged by practitioners and academic arena. Character is the archetype of design product. Unfortunately, however, there have been limited character design studies. The purpose of this study is to identify the components of character design and then to verify the causal relationships among them. The research model of the current study is developed based upon the past studies on the consumer response model related to the product design. The result of the study shows that the dimensions of character design are converged into upper dimensions, including such as character appearance, character image, and character attachment with each lower dimensions, respectively. An analysis of relationship among these variables indicates that while the character appearance tends to trigger character image, the character image leads to character attachment. In addition, both the character image and the character attachment have a positive influence on the loyalty of the character. Understanding of the paths among consumers' responses will be able to be a good guideline for establishing character design strategy. And, finally, the authors discuss some theoretical contributions and managerial implications.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.621-636
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• 1999

When mucoperiosteal flaps are positioned and sutured to desirable position, the wound contains several interface between tissues which differ fundamentally in composition & biological reaction. Thus the C-T surface of the flap will, on one hand, oppose another vascularized surface, and on the other, the avascular dental material for example, when root resoptions, fractured root, endodontic perforation, deep root carious lesions were filled with amalgam, glass ionomer, resin etc. Recently, a number of case report described the successful treatment of a subgingival root lesion with restorative material & free gingival graft, open flap surgery, but more objective research was needed . Most of study on restorative materials were concerned for cytotoxicity not for actual healing event on that materials and its influencing factors such as biocompatibility, surface wettability, surface topography . The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of amalgam, resin modified glass ionomer, composite resin per se, and their surface roughness on the growth of human gingival fibroblast. The cells were obtained and placed on culture flask and incubated for 3 days with the prepared test materials. Then count the attached cell number with hemocytometer,(n=12) and 2 samples were examined with SEM about attachment cell morphology . Another 4 samples were evaluated on their surface roughness with Talysurf and average surface roughness value(Ra) were obtained. Statistical difference in attached cell number, roughness value were analyzed using ANOVA. The number of attached cell was as follows, for root dentin specimen 16.7${\pm}$4.41, resin modified glass ionomer 14.0${\pm}$4.15, resin 8.13${\pm}$3.63, amalgam 0.72${\pm}$3.33(${\times}10^3$). Between root dentin and resin-modified glass ionomer, no significant difference was observed, but resin, amalgam showed a significant less cell numbers than for root dentin, resin modified glass ionomer cement. SEM examination expressed many cell surface attachment apparatus in root dentin and resin modified glass ionomer specimens. For resin specimen, cell attachment was observed but exposed less appratus. The average surface roughness value are following results. Dentin specimen 0.6972${\pm}$ 0.104, resin modified glass ionomer 0.0822${\pm}$0.009, resin 0.0875${\pm}$0.005, amalgam 4.2145${\pm}$0.985(${\mu}m$). Between root dentin, resin-modified glass ionomer, and resin, no significant difference was observed, but amalgam showed a significant more rough surface than other groups. When evlauated the interrelationship between cell attachment and surface roughness, therefore, there was weak reverse correlation.(pearson correlation : - 0.593) These results suggest that resin modified glass ionomer have the favorable healing potential when used for subgingival restoration. And for relationship between cell attachment and surface characteristics, further investigations were needed.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.261-270
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to evaluate relationship of probing attachment levels, radiographic measurements and surgical measurements according to gingival inflammatory condition. Patients with incipient to moderate periodontitis were selected. Upper and lower premolar and molar teeth excluding third molars were measured. At first visit, gingival index and bleeding on probing were taken, and subjects were grouped into 4 categories as follows : Experimental group I : gingival index 1 and no bleeding on probing. Experimental group II : gingival index 2 and no bleeding on probing absent. Experimental group III : gingival index 1 and bleeding on probing present. Experimental group IV : gingival index 2 and bleeding on probing present. Probing attachment levels were measured with manual probe on mesial and distal surfaces from cementoenamel junctions to terminal ends of probe. Radiographic measurements were made to assess bone loss by measuring the distance from cementoenamel junction to the alveolar crest. After thorough scating, a flap was raised exposing the alveolar bone and surgical measurements were made from cementoenamel junction to alveolar bone. The results were as follows: 1. Differences between probing attachment level and radiographic measurements showed $1.01{\pm}0.73mm$ for experimental group I, $0.98{\pm}0.48mm$ for experimental group II, $0.59{\pm}0.66mm$ for experimental group III, $0.98{\pm}0.38mm$ for experimental group IV and with no significant difference between groups. 2. Differences between probing attachment level and surgical measurements showed $1.36{\pm}0.80mm$ for experimental group I, $1.47{\pm}0.54mm$ for experimental group II, $1.06{\pm}0.39mm$ for experimental group III, $1.41{\pm}0.40mm$ for experimental group IV and with no significant difference between groups. 3. Differences between surgical and radiographic measurements showed $0.36{\pm}0.48mm$ for experimental group I, $0.51{\pm}0.54mm$ for experimental group II, $0.57{\pm}0.72mm$ for experimental group III, $0.41{\pm}0.49mm$ for experimental group IV and with significant difference between experimental group I and experimental group II, III, IV(P<0.05).

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.169-185
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• 2018

Customers are not merely responders but rather active value creators. As a result most researches related to customer value creation behavior focus on customer participation behavior and interaction between service provider and customer. This study set the research model to examine the correlation between customer to customer interaction, brand attachment and customer value creation behavior. For this study, the relationship among social support, C-to-C social interaction, similarity, brand attachment, and customer value creation behavior were modelled and used to validate our hypotheses. A path model was verified with structural equation modeling using dataset from survey. Results of this study are summarized as follows. First, this study show the C-to-C social interaction, such as social support, C-to-C social interaction, similarity have effects on brand attachment. Thus, this was statistically significant although dismissed from hypothesis verification. Second, the structural correlation shows brand attachment has positive effect on customer value creation behavior The findings suggest that managers need to identify and pay attention to positive customer to customer interaction in the service encounter so that it influence customer brand attachment and customer value creation behavior which is the competitive advantages of service brand.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.66
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• pp.193-226
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• 2017

This writing establishes identity of JinSeBaek, a male protagonist from a classical novel Hajinyangmunrok, through examining his relationship with a female character named HaOkJu. The character JinSeBaek was analyzed with attachment theory. JinSeBaek is a type of character who openly expresses his emotions. The evidence that JinSaeBaek falls in love with HaOkJu at a first sight was mainly shown through his physical affection with her. After the breakup, JinSeBaek expresses sadness, depression, and anger, as well as sheds tears. Although JinSeBaek repeatedly breaks up and gets back together with HaOkJu, JinSaeBaek consistently shows his desire to be with HaOkJu. Expressing true emotions was not ideal characteristic for men in this era. JinSaeBaek develops attachment to HaOkJu after he loses his parents, whom he has previously developed attachment to, but repeated break ups with HaOkJu leads to separation anxiety. Although his separation anxiety is caused by HaOkJu, it is also HaOkJu who can resolve the anxiety. The fact that JinSaeBaek honestly expresses his emotions and develops abnormal attachment to woman makes JinSaeBaek unique from other male protagonists. A character like JinSaeBaek is not common in other fictional novels or romance novels as well. Thus, JinSaebaek is claimed to be extraordinary character in literature.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.53-66
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• 2022

Purpose: How to build the attitude on brand is very important, because it affects the positive word of mouth and revisit intention. Brand attachment, brand name, and image congruence play important role on consumer behavior in terms of reinforcing consumers' perception of food service companies and differentiating them from competing brands. Following the planned behavior theory, this paper examines the effect of linking brand attitude to word-of-mouth and revisit intentions in the restaurant sector. Research design, data, and methodology: This paper examines the structural relationship among brand attachment, brand name, image congruence, brand attitude, WOM, and revisit intention. In order to test the purposes of this study, research model and hypotheses were developed. The questionnaire items were modified and used according to the content of this study based on previous studies. All constructs were measured by multiple items tested and developed in the previous research. The study is based on the quantitative method and considered 519 questionnaires fulfilled by customers of restaurants. The data were explored employing the partial least square-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Frequency analysis was conducted to identify the general characteristics of the survey subjects. To measure the reliability and validity of the measurement tools, confirmatory factor analysis was conducted. Structural model analysis was conducted to verify the research model. Result: The findings demonstrate that brand attachment and brand name had positive effects on attitude while image congruence did not have. Also, attitude had positive effect on WOM and revisit intention. Conclusions: This study expands the literature about WOM and revisit intentions. This study expands prior research in a similar field to which the theory of planned behavior (TPB) is applied, and reveals that brand attachment, brand name, and brand image congruence play an important role in developing brand attitude that affect revisit intention and WOM. And provide guidelines on how to enhance competitiveness in the restaurant sector based on understanding of linking brand attitude to customer loyalty and repeat business. By putting into practice these suggestions in the restaurant industry, brands can easily build up their attitude and boost a positive WOM and the intention to revisit.

• Journal of School Social Work
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• v.45
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• pp.209-230
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• 2019

The purpose of the study was to verify the moderated mediating effect of out-of-home care and peer attachment when the depression influences adolescent self-esteem. For this purpose, the data were obtained from the Panel Study on Korean Children in Out-of-home care(PSKCOC) and Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey(KCYPS). The results using SPSS PROCESS MACRO method were as follows. First, it was identified that peer attachment significantly mediated the relationship between depression and self-esteem. Second, in the influence of depression on self-esteem, the moderating effect of whether or not adolescents are in out-of-home care emerged. The self-esteem of adolescents in out-of-home care were more affected by depression than that of general adolescents. Third, in terms of the effect of peer attachment on self-esteem, there was no statistical difference between adolescents in out-of-home care and general adolescents. In sum, it was verified that the effect of depression on self-esteem was different depending on peer attachment. It suggests the practice and policy implications for social welfare through paying attention to commonality and difference between adolescents in out-of-home care and general adolescents.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.1076-1086
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• 2008

The purpose of this study were to examine the effect of consumer-brand relationship of fashion luxury product on brand loyalty and the mediating effect of consumer satisfaction. The questionnaire developed through the literature search and a survey was conducted both in on-line and off-line questionnaire simultaneously. Finally 227 data from women who had a buying experience of fashion luxury products were analyzed using frequency, factor analysis, ANOVA, t-test, regression analysis by SPSS for WIN program. The results were as follows. First, the consumers' brand identification was composed of three factors; self-connection, interdependence, attachment. Second, the consumer-brand relationship significantly influenced on the brand loyalty. Third, the consumer-brand relationship significantly influenced on the consumer satisfaction. Fourth, the consumer satisfaction significantly influenced on the brand loyalty. Fifth, the consumer-brand relationship had both direct and indirect effects on brand loyalty mediated by consumer satisfaction. The results indicated that causal relationship was existed among these three variables.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.396-405
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the consumer-brand relationship quality on revisit intent and recommendation intent in the family restaurant. The questionnaires were distributed to 320 students in the K University located in Masan, who were sampled by convenience-sampling method. The surveys were conducted from November,10 to 24,2005. The 287 questionnaires were responded, and 15 unusable questionnaires were excluded, then 272 were used for the final analysis(response rate: 85.0%). The result of this study showed that 3 constructs(self-connective attachment, satisfaction and intimacy) of consumer-brand relationship quality have significant effects on the revisit intent(p<.01) and 2 constructs(satisfaction and intimacy) of consumer-brand relationship quality had significant positive effects on the recommendation intent in the family restaurant(p<.01) It meant that as consumer-brand relationship quality became stronger, the customer's revisit intent and recommendation intent became greater. As a conclusion, the foodservice manager in the family restaurant should focus on the marketing strategy to strengthen the quality of consumer-brand relationship especially emphasizing on satisfaction and intimacy in order to increase the revisit intent and recommendation intent of customers.