• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.83-90
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is for fundamental research of meditation smart wear for physical and mental healing, and researching method for monitoring phase of meditation through textile by measuring the number of abdominal respiration when meditating. For this purpose, the research implemented Single Wall Carbon Nano-Tube (SWCNT) based strain gauges type textile sensor, considered reliability and validity of respiratory sensing, and analyzed efficiency of respiratory sensing based on body parts comparatively. The first preliminary experiment was to evaluate the performance of textile sensor through abdominal model dummy which open and shut of 5 cm repeatedly for 2 minutes at the rate of 0.1Hz in order to simulate abdominal respiration. It concluded signal efficiency between reference sensor(BIOPAC) and textile respiratory sensor appears statistically significant (p<0.001). The second experiment were conducted with 4 subjects doing abdominal respiration under same conditions, and after comparing the signal values between two sensors from 4 attached locations(around center and sides of omphali and phren), center of omphali and sides of phren were selected as suitable location for measuring meditational breathing as they showed large and stable signals. In result, this research aimed for implementing of the textile sensor for sensing meditational breathing of long respiration cycle, review of reliability and validity for sensing number of meditational respiration with the sensor and consideration of sensing efficiency by sensing location on body parts.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.35-46
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• 2017

Recently, attackers using malicious code in cyber security have been increased by attaching malicious code to a mail and inducing the user to execute it. Especially, it is dangerous because it is easy to execute by attaching a document type file. The author analysis is a research area that is being studied in NLP (Neutral Language Process) and text mining, and it studies methods of analyzing authors by analyzing text sentences, texts, and documents in a specific language. In case of attack mail, it is created by the attacker. Therefore, by analyzing the contents of the mail and the attached document file and identifying the corresponding author, it is possible to discover more distinctive features from the normal mail and improve the detection accuracy. In this pager, we proposed IADA2(Intelligent Attack mail Detection based on Authorship Analysis) model for attack mail detection. The feature vector that can classify and detect attack mail from the features used in the existing machine learning based spam detection model and the features used in the author analysis of the document and the IADA2 detection model. We have improved the detection models of attack mails by simply detecting term features and extracted features that reflect the sequence characteristics of words by applying n-grams. Result of experiment show that the proposed method improves performance according to feature combinations, feature selection techniques, and appropriate models.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.72-76
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• 2003

Ultrafiltration (UF) tests performed on traditional soy sauce (kanjang) using UF flat membrane test cell unit with thin film laminar flow similar to the spiral type membrane module in batch operations revealed reduction in permeate flux is proportional to the logarithm values of volume reduction ratio of the retentate kanjang at different feed rate of kanjang. Feed rate of 1.5 L/min was found to be adequate for long-term UF operation of kanjang using the test unit attached with MW cut-off size of 200,000 dalton polyoleffin plastic membrane in batch operation with the least concentration polarization. The higher the feed rate of kanjang, the lower the permeability of total nitrogen and NaCl, resulting in lower optical density at 500 nm and lower permeability of minerals such as Cu, Mn, and Mg. Microbial cells were completely rejected regardless of the feed rate, whereas most free amino acids were not.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.599-610
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• 2005

Purpose: The success of the bonding between electroformed gold and ceramic is dependent on the surface treatment of the pure gold coping. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bonding strength between the electroformed gold and ceramic with varying surface treatment. Materials and methods: A total of 32 disks,8 were using conventional ceramometal alloy, 24 were using electroforming technique as recommended by manufacturer, were prepared. 24 electroformed disks were divided 3 groups according to surface treatment, i.e. 50 microns aluminium oxide sandblasting(GES-Sand), gold bonder treatment(GES-Bond) and $Rocatec^{TM}$ system(GES-Rocatec). For control group of conventional alloy 50 microns aluminium oxide treatment was done(V-Supragold). Energy dispersive x-ray analysis and scanning electron microscope image were observed. Using universal testing machine, shear bond strength and bonding failure mode at metal-porcelain interface were measured. Results and Conclusion: The following conclusions were drawn: 1. In the energy dispersive x-ray analysis, the Au was main component in electroformed gold(99.9wt%). After surface treatment, a little amount of $Al_2O_3(2.4wt%)$ were found in GES-Sand, and $SiO_2(4wt%)$ in GES-Bond. In GES-Rocatec, however, a large amount of $SiO_2(17.4wt%)$ were found. 2. In the scanning electron microscopy, similar pattern of surface irregu larities were observed in V-Supragold and GES-Sand. In GES-Bond, surface irregularities were increased and globular ceramic particles were observed. In GES-Rocatec, a large amount of silica particles attached to metal surface with increased surface irregularities were observed. 3. The mean shear bond strength values(MPa) in order were $22.9{\pm}3.7(V-Supragold),\;22.1{\pm}3.8(GES-Bond),\;20.1{\pm}2.8(GES-Rocatec)\;and\;13.0{\pm}1.4(GES-Sand)$. There was no significant difference between V-Supragold, GES-Bond, and GES-Rocatec. (P>0.05) 4. Most bonding failures modes were adhesive type in GES-Sand. However, in V-Supragold, GES-Bond and GES-Rocatec, cohesive and combination failures were commonly observed. From the result, with proper surface treatment method electroformed gold may have enough strength compare to conventional ceramometal alloy.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.99-106
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• 2016

Objectives : Salvianolic acid B (SAB) is an active ingredient in Salvia miltiorrhiza frequently used for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The present study investigated the antioxidant effects of SAB on the skeletal muscle and the brain tissue of rats following exhaustive exercise.Methods : The rats were treated with oral administration of SAB (30 mg/kg) daily for 5 days prior to the exhaustive exercise. The exhaustive exercise was performed as swimming for 150 min with 5% body weight attached to the tail on the 5th day. The antioxidant effects of SAB was evaluated by measuring the superoxide generation in the gastrocnemius and the 4-HNE expression in the hippocampal tissue. In addition, c-Fos-expressing cells in the brain tissue was observed using immunohistochemistry.Results : Histological features and muscle fiber type composition were not different between the SAB group and the exhaustive exercise group. SAB significantly reduced the upregulation of superoxide generation in the muscle tissue. SAB significantly reduced the increase of c-Fos-expressing cells in the cerebral cortex, paraventricular thalamic nucleus, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, the CA1, CA3, and DG regions of hippocampus. SAB significantly reduced the upregulation of 4-HNE expression in the CA1 and DG regions of hippocampus caused by the exhaustive exercise.Conclusions : The results suggest that SAB exerts antioxidative effect against oxidative stress in the skeletal muscle and the brain tissue following exhaustive exercise, while SAB may has an anti-stress effect on stress responses in the brain.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.89-96
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• 2005

The ultrastructures of the fertilized egg envelope from Hyphessobrycon serpae belonging to Characidae was studied using scanning and transmission electron microscopes to get systematic fundamental data for classification of species and to confirm whether micropyle is a common trait of Characidae or not. The fertilized egg was of colorless, transparent, spherical, adhesive and demersal type. There were not oil droplets in vitelline membrane and attached structures in the outside of fertilize egg envelope. The egg envelope had a single micropyle resembling the pathway of sperm in the area of the animal pole. The micropyle was surrounded by 13 to 15 protruded lines of the egg envelope in a radiated form. The outer surface of fertilized egg envelope was covered by reticular adhesive fibrous structures and irregularly arranged by pore canals. The fertilized egg envelope consisted of three distinct layers an outer adhesive fibrous layer with high electron density, a middle layer with pore canals, and an inner layer consisting of 6 to 7 lamellae alternating layers with interlamellae of lower electron density. These ultrastructural characters of fertilized egg envelope form Hyphessobrycon serpae can be utilized in taxonomy of teleost, and as fundamental data for study on early development of fertilized egg. It seems that the morphology of micropyle is a common trait of Characidae

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 2010

Air-cathode microbial fuel cell consisted of 4 unit cells were operated under batch condition and electricity generation and microbial community structure variation were investigated, depending on separator types and cathode characteristics: A) PEM(Proton Exchange Membrane)-30% Wet proofing Carbon Cloth(WC), B) AEM(Anion Exchange Membrane-WC, C) CEM(Cation Exchange Membrane)-WC, D) PEM-No Wet proofing Carbon Cloth(NC). Maximum power densities of PEM-WC, AEM-WC and CEM-WC were 510.9, 522.1 and 504.8 $mW/m^2$, respectively. But PEM-NC showed relatively lower maximum power density of 218.3 $mW/m^2$. And PEM-WC, AEM-WC and CEM-WC showed similar internal resistances(20.0-28.2 ${\Omega}$). PCRDGGE, PCA and diversity indices showed that uncultured bacteria which reported in previous MFC studies were detected in suspended growth bacteria and attached growth bacteria would be affected not by separator type but by cathode characteristic. Thus, cathode characteristic can be one of the critical factors for power generation in air-cathode MFC using PEM, AEM, and CEM as separator.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.283-294
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• 1988

The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristic features of the cells and tissues of the chronic periapical lesions using light microscope and electron microscope. Fifteen dental periapical lesions were obtained from the patients undergoing periapical surgery. Each specimen was divided into two parts along the tooth axis. One part was routinely processed for histopathologic examinations. 12 periapical lesions were diagnosed as granuloma and 3 periapical specimens as periapical cyst. The other part was fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1M sodium cacodylate buffer at pH 7.4 and 1% osmic acid in same buffer. They were embedded in Epon 812. The semithin sections were used for the orientation of the lesions and the ultrathin sections were stained conventionally and examined with AEI Corynth 500 electron microscope. The results were as follows. 1. PMN and macrophages, which were dominant cell type, were scattered in small or large numbers throughout the central destructive area of granuloma. In the granulomatous area, plasma cells and lymphoytes were found in significant number and a lot of new capillary formation were revealed. Clefts caused by cholesterol were often seen in the connective tissue. Occasionally foam cells became collected in groups and epithelial proliferation were present. 2. In both granuloma and cyst, some plasma cells contained narrow cisternae of granular endoplasmic reticulum of which was tightly packed with electron dense materials, and other cells exhibited dilated profiles of granular endoplasmic reticulum. 3. In the area where plasma cells and lymphocytes were collected in groups, lymphocytes with well developed nucleolus and profuse cytoplasm were found and differentiating plasma cells were also present. 4. In the epithelial strands of the granulomatous area, epithelial cells contained enlarged endoplasmic reticulum, tonofilaments and ribosoms. Toward the intercellular space epithelial cells protruded a few microvilli. In the intercellular space, exudate-like electron dense materials, most of which was attached to the plasma membrane, appeared. 5. Some foam cells filled with numerous lipid droplets and others had lipid droplets and crystal-like structures. 6. Cyst epithelium consisted of bright cells and dark cells. The former had bright cytoplasm and small amounts of ribosoms, and the latter dark cytoplasm, many ribosoms, mitochondria and elongated microvilli. 7. Epithelial cells near the cyst lumen protruded a lot of long microvilli toward intercellular space and cyst lumen.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.278-285
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• 2014

Demineralized bone particles (DBP) and alginate hybrid sponges were fabricated at 10, 20, 40 and 80% DBP/alginate hybrid ratios for seeding chondrocyte. Cell proliferation was measured via MTT assay. Morphological observation, histology, biological assay and RT-PCR were performed at each time point 1, 2 and 3 weeks. The cell viability was better in 20% DBP/alginate sponges than in other sponges. SEM results showed that more attached and more proliferated cells in the 20% DBP/alginate sponges with the lapse of time. Finally, histochemical assay results showed that the phenotype of chondrocyte was well maintained and both acidic mucopolysaccharide and type II collagen was well formed at 20% sponges. This study suggested that DBP/alginate sponge may serve as a potential cell delivery vehicle and a structural basis for tissue engineered articular cartilage.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.277-282
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• 2015

This study is conducted to utilize waste concrete powder (WCP) made as a by-product manufacturing high quality recycled aggregate. The blaine fineness of the used waste concrete powder was $928cm^2/g$. As the main characteristic of waste concrete powder, it showed an angular type similar to cement, but hydrated products were attached on the surface of particles. In addition, the size of the particles of waste concrete powder was larger than OPC and in terms of chemical components it had higher $SiO_2$ contents. For using WCP in soil cement-based pavement, the qualities, physical and chemical properties, of WCP should be researched. In the first step, the specified compressive strength of mortar for two types of clay sand soil and clay soil respectively was experimented to be 15 MPa and then optimum mixing ratio of chemical solidification agent were decided in the range of 1.5 - 3.0% in the replacement with cement weight content. In the second step, based on the prior experimental results, recycling possibility of WCP in soil cement-based pavement was studied. In the result of experiment the mixing ratio of WCP were 5, 10, 15 and 20% in the replacement with soil weight and the compressive strength of mortar was somewhat decreased according to the increase of the mixing ratio of WCP.