• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.216-224
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate the soil mulching effect on growth and yield of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. The number of stem, stem diameter, and fresh weight of aerial part in black poly-ethylene film and transparent poly-ethylene film mulched condition were higher than those of non-mulching and rice-straw mulching. Number of flowers were high in the order of non-mulching, rice-straw, trans-P. E. film, and black P. E. film. Yield of underground part was higher in mulching condition than that of non-mulching. Dry rhizome yield in black P. E. film mulching was significantly high to compare with the other treatments. There was lower disease incidence of Phytophthora blight in trans-P. E and black P. E. film compare with the other treatments but any difference was not observed in essential oil content of rhizome. Significant positive correlation was found between rhizome weight and fresh weight of aerial part. It was also shown that the fresh weight of aerial part was greatly dependent on the number of stems and stem diameter.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.152-156
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate the flower organ removal effect on Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz which was introduced from China. The results were summarized as follows; The plant height of Flower Organ Cutting(F.O.N.C.) treatment short by 1.7∼2.5 cm compared to Flower Organ Non-Cutting(F.O.N.C.) treatment. But number of stem and stem diameter of F.0.C treatment were similar to that of F.O.N.C. treatment. The fresh weight of above-ground part of F.O.N.C. treatment was decreased 48∼60% compare to F.O.C. treatments. The later was period of F.O.C., the higher was fresh weight of above-ground part. The growth of underground part was more F.O.C. at July 15 and Aug. 20 treatments than F.O.N.D treatment. The dry rhizome yield of F.O.C. at July 15 treatment was increased 40% compare to F.O.N.D treatment. Essential oil content of F.O.C. at July 15 treatment was increased 12% compare to F.O.N.D treatment.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.78-83
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the intracellular hydrogen peroxide productions of mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 are modulated by Red Ginseng-Ejung-tang water extract (ER) and White Ginseng-Ejung-tang water extract (EG). Red Ginseng-Ejung-tang were composed of Red Ginseng, Atractylodes rhizome white, Zingiberis Rhizoma Siccus, and Glycyrrhizae Radix. White Ginseng-Ejung-tang were composed of White Ginseng, Atractylodes rhizome white, Zingiberis Rhizoma Siccus, and Glycyrrhizae Radix. The intracellular hydrogen peroxide productions were measured by dihydrorhodamine 123 assay with spectrofluorometer (excitation 485 nm; emission 535 nm). For 4, 20, 24, 44, 48, 68, and 72 h incubation, ER significantly increased hydrogen peroxide productions of RAW 264.7 at the concentration of 25, 50, 100, and $200{\mu}g/mL$ (P <0.05). EG for 4, 20, 24, 44, and 48 h incubation significantly increased hydrogen peroxide productions of RAW 264.7 at the concentration of 25, 50, 100, and $200{\mu}g/mL$ (P <0.05). For 68 and 72 h incubation, EG at the concentration of 50, 100, and $200{\mu}g/mL$ significantly increased hydrogen peroxide productions in RAW 264.7 (P <0.05). These results suggest that ER and EG have the immune-enhancing properties related with their increasing effects on the intracellular hydrogen peroxide production of macrophage.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.319-326
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• 2000

This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of $GA_3$ treatment (concentration: period) to rhizomes before planting on their growth, morphology and yield. $GA_3$ treatment increased the number of shoots, leaves or latent buds, plant height, and leaf length per plant compared with non-treatment. The best treatment concentrations were 50 ppm in stem per plant, 100 ppm in latent bud and rhizome fresh weight per plant and 250 ppm in shoot fresh weight per plant. The number of leaves and roots per plant, plant height and fresh weights of shoot and root were the greatest in one day imbibition of $GA_3$. Numbers of stems and latent buds per plant and rhizome fresh weight, however, were the highest in two day imbibition. In addition, the most rhizomes per land unit were produced in one day imbibition treatment of 100 ppm $GA_3$.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.52-58
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• 2021

Homogenization of quality was important in order to use herbal medicines as pharmaceuticals. To solve this problem, it was important to establish quality standards. Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba has no quantitative method in the Korean Pharmacopoeia. Thus, we have researched to improve the quality evaluation method of Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba with an HPLC. Atractylenolide III and atracylodin were selected as potential marker compounds. This analytical procedure was subject to validation. According to validation guideline of South Korea's Ministry of Food and Drugs Safety, the specificity, linearity, precision, range, quantitative limits, detection limits and accuracy were measured. Because the specificity, linearity, precision, range, quantitative limits, detection limits and accuracy meet criteria of the guideline, the analytic method was validated. With this analysis, Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba and Atractylodis Rhizoma analyzed. As a result, both atractylenolide III and atracylodin appear to be suitable standard compounds. it confirmed that tractylodes Rhizome, similar to Atractylodes Rhizome Alba, could be distinguished.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.77-85
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• 2009

Objectives : To determine the discriminative criteria for Atractylodes rhizomes, the experiment of externalinternal characteristics and physicochemical pattern analysis were performed. Methods : External characteristics was observed using stereoscope. The sectioned materials which were covered with parffin were stained by Ju's method. Physicochemical patterns were analyzed using HPLC/DAD. Results : 1. External shape of original plant : Atractylodes maaocephala and A. japonica had relatively long petioles and 3-5 parted leaves. A. macrocephala had big purple flowers whereas A. japonica had relatively small white flowers and pinnate bracts. A. lancea had sessile leaves and white flowers, and the end parts of degenerated stamens were bent. 2. External shape of herbal medicine: A. macrocephala which was fist-shaped rhizome had pa-pillate processes and the cross section was light gray and sulcate. A. japonica and A. lancea were connected-beady or tubercular rhizomes, and the cross sections were both yellow-colored white. However, the cross section of A. japonica was fibrous, the width of cortex was narro-wer than that of stele, and radial shape in cortex was rare, whereas the width of cortex in A. lancea was similar to that of stele in size, and radial shape in cortex was obvious. 3. Internal shape of herbal medicine: A. macrocephala and A. lancea did not have lignified fascicles in cortex. However, the vascular bundles and vessels of A. macrocephala were wedge shaped and radial arrangement, and vascular bundles were densely populated in stele whereas those of A. lancea were repeatedly arranged and thinly extended to cortex. A. japonica had lignified fascicles in cortex and the width of vascular bundles was conspicuously thick with narrow intervals. 4. Physicochemical pattern analysis : A. macrocephala and A. lancea contained atractylenolide I and atractylenolide Ill whereas A. japonica contained atractylenolide I, atractylenolide Ill. diacetyl-atractylodiol, compound-4, compound-5. The three species of Atractylodes rhizomes showed different chromatogram patterns. Conclusions : The results could be used as discriminative criteria for Atractylodes rhizomes and as fundamental materials to researches of further pattern analysis and biological reaction.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.15
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• pp.6279-6284
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• 2015

Opisthorchis viverrini (OV)-induced cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an important cancer in the Great Mekong region, particularly in Thailand. Limitations of treatment options and the lack of an effective diagnostic tool for early detection of CCA are major concerns for the control of this type of cancer. The aim of the study was to investigate anti-CCA activity of the ethanolic extract of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC., and the applicability of positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) as a tool for detection and monitoring the progression of CCA in Opisthorchis viverrini (OV)/dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-induced CCA hamsters. Male Syrian hamsters were used for toxicity tests and anti-CCA activity evaluation. Development of CCA was induced by initial feeding of 50 metacercariae of OV, followed by drinking water containing 12.5 ppm of DMN in hamsters. The ethanolic extract of A. lancea (Thunb.) DC. was administered orally for 30 days. PET-CT was performed every 4 weeks after initiation of CCA using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose ($^{18}F-FDG$). Results from the present study suggest that the ethanolic extract of A. lancea (Thunb.) DC. rhizome exhibited promising anti-CCA activity and safety profile in the OV/DMN-induced hamster model. To successfully apply PET-CT as a tool for early detection of tumor development and progression, modification of radiolabeling approach is required to improve its specificity for CCA cells.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.45-63
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• 2011

Objective : Atractyloides Chinensis Rhizome (ACR) is widely used in oriental medicine as a remedy for an inflammation and an allergic disease. However, as yet there is no clear explanation of how ACR affects the production of inflammatory cytokine. This study was to determine the effects of ACR on the mast cell-mediated inflammatory responses. Method : The amount of inflammatory cytokine production induced by the phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) plus calcium ionophore(A23187) in the human mast cell line (HMC-1) incubated with various concentrations of ACR was measured. The TNF-${\alpha}$ protein levels were analysised by Western blots. The TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6 and IL-8 secreted protein levels were measured by the ELISA assay. The TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA levels were measured by the RT-PCR analysis. NF-${\kappa}$B, phospho-I${\kappa}$B and MAPKs were examined by Western blot analysis. The NF-${\kappa}$B promoter activity was examined by a luciferase assay. Results : 1. The expressions of TNF-${\alpha}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA were decreased dose-dependently at 0.05-0.2mg/$m\ell$ of ACR and significantly decreased at 0.2mg/$m\ell$. 2. The expressions of IL-6 and IL-6 mRNA were decreased dose-dependently at 0.05-0.2mg/$m\ell$ of ACR and significantly decreased at 0.2mg/$m\ell$. 3. The expressions of IL-8 and IL-8 mRNA were decreased dose-dependently at 0.05-0.2mg/$m\ell$ of ACR and significantly decreased at 0.2mg/$m\ell$ specially. 4. The expressions of Phosphorylated-JNK were decreased, not p38, ERK 5. The expressions of NF-${\kappa}$B were decreased dose-dependently at 0.1-0.2mg/$m\ell$ of ACR. The expressions of Phosphorylated I${\kappa}$B were significantly decreased at 0.2mg/$m\ell$. In addition, ACR suppressed PMA plus A23187-induced NF-${\kappa}$B promoting activity. Conclusion : It is suggested that ACR should suppress through inhibition of NF-${\kappa}$B activity and cytokine production.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.211-219
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• 2001

The disease incidence rates of Phytophthora root rot of A. macrocephala caused by P. drechsleri were dramatically increased in two distinctive periods at experimental fields of National Crop Experiment Station(NCES), Suwon, in 1999 and in 2000 ; one was in the period of 30 to 45 days old seedling stage in spring and the other was just after heavy rainy season in late summer or in early fall. The disease was occurred at seedling stage under the conditions of ${{\geq}15^{\circ}C}$ of average temperature with ${{\geq}100mm}$ rainfalls for 20 days and the tendencies were similar in both year. By the disease, rhizome propagated field was more damaged(18.6%) than seed propagated field(56.0%). Comparing the disease incidence rates at five different fields in Suwon, Youngju and Andong, the damages at soil improving fields and non-mulching fields were less severe than those at continuous cropping fields without soil improvement and mulching fields and occurrence. Expansion of the disease were seemed to be highly related with the populations of P. drechsleri in soils depend on the cultivation method and field conditions. Although the populations of the pathogen in soils collected from Andong and Youngju, in which rhizome were continuously propagated for two and three years respectively, were comparably less than that from Suwon, in which rhizome were propagated for one year, however, the damages by the disease were more severe in Andong and Youngju. So, two or more years of cultivation at the same field may not be useful for Atractylodes plants..

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.241-246
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• 1996

This Experiment was conducted to know effect of cutting times and nitrogen split application rates on shoot and root-related characters of Atractylodes japonica. The cutting time was forced on none, once and twice along with three levels of nitrogen split application, all basic 50 -30 -20% and 40 -30 -30%. The plant height declined with increased cutting time and dry matter weight was increased with nitrogen split application under none and once cutting. Average yield of cutted shoot as edible wild plant was 257kg/10a at once cutting condition, but twice cutting condition was little and unfavorable to use edible wild plant because shoot was coarse. Yield 0 dry rhizome was the highest at once shoot cutting und­er 50 -30 -20% nitrogen split application by 471kg/10a.Especially, culture of Atractylodes japonka needed once shoot cutting one the 10th-30th of May.