• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.124-127
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• 2016

Purpose: The flexor hallucis longus stretch test can determine the shortness of the flexor hallucis longus muscle by measuring the angle of extension in the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint at maximum ankle dorsiflexion. Less than 30 degrees of the first MTP joint at the maximal ankle dorsiflexion indicates shortness of the flexor hallucis longus muscle. The purpose of this study was to examine the intra- and inter-reliability of the flexor hallucis longus stretch test in subjects with asymmetric hallux valgus (HV) angles. Methods: Sixteen subjects with asymmetric HV angles participated in this study. In sitting position, dorsiflexion angles of the first MTP joint were measured with maximum ankle dorsiflexion on each side. ICC (3,1) and ICC (3,k) models were used, respectively, to assess the intra-reliability and inter-reliability of the flexor hallucis longus stretch test. The paired-t test was used to compare the dorsiflexion angle of the first MTP joint on the side with the smaller HV angle with that of the side with the larger HV angle. Results: The results of the study showed that both intra- and inter-reliability were more than 0.95 of the coefficient. Dorsiflexion angle of the first MTP joint was higher on the side with the smaller HV angle. Conclusion: Use of the flexor hallucis longus stretch test is acceptable in clinical settings because both intra- and inter-reliability were high in subjects with asymmetric HV angles. In addition, shortness of the flexor hallucis longus muscle is associated with HV angle. This study provides useful information for use in management of HV deformity.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.71-80
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• 2001

로지스틱 회귀모형은 이항 반응자료에 대한 가장 보편적인 일반화 선형모형으로 독립변수에 대한 확률함수를 추정하는데 이용된다. 많은 실제적 상황에서 확률함수가 종형의 곡선형태로 표현되는데 이 경우에는 2차항을 포함한 로지스틱 회귀모형을 이용한 분석은 대칭성을 갖는 확률함수에 대한 가정으로 인해 비대칭 형태의 종형곡선에서는 확률함수의 신뢰성이 저하되고, 2차항을 포함하기 때문에 독립변수의 효과를 설명하기가 쉽지 않다는 제한점을 가지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제점을 해소하기 위해서 로지스틱 회귀분석과 반복적 이분법을 이용하여 종형의 형태에 관계없이 확률곡선을 추정하는 방법론을 제안하고 모의 실험을 통해 2차항을 포함한 로지스틱 회귀모형과 비교하고자 한다.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.83-88
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• 2009

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the effectiveness of horizontal, vertical, asymmetric and coupling multipliers for manual material handling. Lifting tasks with 5 different horizontal distances ($30{\sim}70cm$) for 6 vertical distances(ankle, knee, waist, elbow, shoulder and head height) were experimented. The muscle activity and muscle exertion level during asymmetric load handling(without trunk flexion) was experimented. Lifting tasks with and without handle tote box for three postures(straight, bending, right angle posture) were experimented. The degrading tendency did not appeared almost in $60{\sim}70cm$ interval's horizontal distance. As a result of ANOVA, MVC paid attention to horizontal and vertical distance but cross effect was insignificant(p<0.01). The change of the MVC according to the horizontal, vertical distance appeared similar from of RWL. The results of normalized MVC measurement were decreased about 16%, 24%, 34% respectively as the asymmetry angle was $30^{\circ}$, $60^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$. RMS EMG values of right erector spinae muscles were decreased as the work posture went to $90^{\circ}$ and those of left erector spinae muscles were increased until the asymmetry angle was $40^{\circ}$ but decreased continually over $40^{\circ}$. 7 subjects, activities of left and right latissimus dorsi muscles were maintained constantly, while for remainer, those were irregular. MVC reduced maximum 23% by type of handle. MVC was highest in straight posture, but was lowest in right angle posture. As a result of ANOVA, MVC paid attention to posture, coupling(p<0.01). To all handle types, biceps brachii activity was increased in right angle posture, but reduced in straight posture. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that the NIOSH guideline should not be directly applied to Korean without reasonable reexamination. In addition, we need to afterward study through an age classification.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2010년도 제39회 하계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.234-234
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• 2010

The PR transitions in asymmetric dot-in-double-quantum-well (DdWELL) photodetector is identified by bias-dependent spectral behaviors. Discrete n-i-n infrared photodetectors were fabricated on a 30-period asymmetric InAs-QD/[InGaAs/GaAs]/AlGaAs DdWELL wafer that was prepared by MBE technique. A 2.0-monolayer (ML) InAs QD ensemble was embedded in upper combined well of InGaAs/GaAs and each stack is separated by a 50-nm AlGaAs barrier. Each pixel has circular aperture of 300 um in diameter, and the mesa cell ($410{\times}410\;{\mu}m^2$) was defined by shallow etching. PR measurements were performed in the spectral range of $3{\sim}13\;{\mu}m$ (~ 100-400 meV) by using a Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer and a low-noise preamplifier. The asymmetric photodetector exhibits unique transition behaviors that near-/far-infrared (NIR/FIR) photoresponse (PR) bands are blue/red shifted by the electric field, contrasted to mid-infrared (MIR) with no dependence. In addition, the MIR-FIR dual-band spectra change into single-band feature by the polarity. A four-level energy band model is proposed for the transition scheme, and the field dependence of FIR bands numerically calculated by a simplified DdWELL structure is in good agreement with that of the PR spectra. The wavelength shift by the field strength and the spectral change by the polarity are discussed on the basis of four-level transition.

• 공업화학
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.330-336
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 $BF_3$를 함유한 키랄성 코발트 살렌 촉매를 합성하고 비대칭촉매특성을 평가하였다. 촉매의 구조를 결정하기 위하여 NMR, UV 및 ESCA분석을 수행하였다. 합성한 촉매는 여러 종류의 에폭사이드 유도체의 가수분해 속도차에 의한 비대칭 고리열림반응에 적용하여 그 활성과 선택성을 조사하였다. 살렌과 $BF_3$의 비를 다르게 하여 합성한 촉매는 전혀 다른 촉매 활성을 나타내었으며, 그 비를 2 : 1로 하여 합성한 2분자구조의 살렌착체 촉매는 물을 친핵체로 하는 라세믹 에폭사이드의 고리 열림을 통하여 99 %ee 이상의 매우 높은 광학선택성을 보였다. 특히 2분자형의 살렌 촉매는 단분자형의 촉매에 비하여 촉매량을 적게 첨가하여도 현저히 향상된 촉매활성을 나타내었고 얻어진 생성물의 분리과정에서 라세믹화를 유발시키지 않았다. 본 연구에서 적용한 촉매시스템은 키랄 에폭사이드 및 1,2-디올 중간체의 제조에 매우 효과적이었다.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.11-16
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• 2014

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the pattern of lingual split line when performing a bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) for asymmetric prognathism. This was accomplished with the use of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and three-dimensional (3D) software program. Materials and Methods: The study group was comprised of 40 patients (20 males and 20 females) with asymmetric prognathism, who underwent BSSO (80 splits; n=80) from January 2012 through June 2013. We observed the pattern of lingual split line using CBCT data and image analysis program. The deviated side was compared to the contralateral side in each patient. To analyze the contributing factors to the split pattern, we observed the position of the lateral cortical bone cut end and measured the thickness of the ramus that surrounds the mandibular lingula. Results: The lingual split patterns were classified into five types. The true "Hunsuck" line was 60.00% (n=48), and the bad split was 7.50% (n=6). Ramal thickness surrounding the lingual was $5.55{\pm}1.07$ mm (deviated) and $5.66{\pm}1.34$ mm (contralateral) (P =0.409). The position of the lateral cortical bone cut end was classified into three types: A, lingual; B, inferior; C, buccal. Type A comprised 66.25% (n=53), Type B comprised 22.50% (n=18), and Type C comprised 11.25% (n=9). Conclusion: In asymmetric prognathism patients, there were no differences in the ramal thickness between the deviated side and the contralateral side. Furthermore, no differences were found in the lingual split pattern. The lingual split pattern correlated with the position of the lateral cortical bone cut end. In addition, the 3D-CT reformation was a useful tool for evaluating the surgical results of BSSO of the mandible.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.63-76
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• 2008

본 연구는 명확한 설계기준이 제시되어 있지 않은 국내의 수직구 설계기술 개선을 위하여 수행된 것으로, 국내외 설계기준 및 원형 수직구에 대한 이론적인 토압을 고찰하였고, 시공중인 수직구 2개소에 대하여 현장계측을 수행하여 수직구의 변형 및 작용하중분포 특성을 분석하였다. 심도별 토압 및 작용하중분포는 신영완(2007)이 제안한 이론토압과 유사한 경향을 나타내었으며, 수직구 주변 지반의 비균질, 비등방성에 의하여 편측 변형 및 토압이 발생되는 것으로 분석되었다. 토사 및 풍화암의 편하중비($R_p$)는 단면형상비(H/R)에 따라 상이한 결과를 나타내었고, 암반은 35.0%미만의 편하중비($R_p$)를 적용하는 것이 적정한 것으로 검토되었다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.255-263
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• 2022

The subthreshold swing (SS) of an asymmetric junctionless double gate (AJLDG) MOSFET is analyzed by the use of Gaussian function. In the asymmetric structure, the thickness of the top/bottom oxide film and the flat-band voltages of top gate (V_fbf) and bottom gate (V_fbb) could be made differently, so the change in the SS for these factors is analyzed with the projected range and standard projected deviation which are parameters for the Gaussian function. An analytical subthreshold swing model is presented from the Poisson's equation, and it is shown that this model is in a good agreement with the numerical model. As a result, the SS changes linearly according to the geometric mean of the top and bottom oxide film thicknesses, and if the projected range is less than half of the silicon thickness, the SS decreases as the top gate oxide film is smaller. Conversely, if the projected range is bigger than a half of the silicon thickness, the SS decreases as the bottom gate oxide film is smaller. In addition, the SS decreases as V_fbb-V_fbf increases when the projected range is near the top gate, and the SS decreases as V_fbb-V_fbf decreases when the projected range is near the bottom gate. It is necessary that one should pay attention to the selection of the top/bottom oxide thickness and the gate metal in order to reduce the SS when designing an AJLDG MOSFET.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.417-427
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• 2023

If the center of mass and center of stiffness or strength of a structure plan do not coincide, the structure is considered asymmetric. During an earthquake, in addition to lateral vibration, the structure experiences torsional vibration as well. Lateraltorsional coupling in asymmetric structures in the plan will increase lateral displacement at the ends of the structure plan and, as a result, uneven deformation demand in seismically resistant frames. The demand for displacement in resistant frames depends on the magnitude of transitional displacement to rotational displacement in the plan and the correlation between these two. With regard to the inability to eliminate the asymmetrical condition due to various reasons, such as architectural issues, this study has attempted to use supplemental viscous dampers to decrease the correlation between lateral and torsional acceleration or displacement in the plan. This results in an almost even demand for lateral deformation and acceleration of seismic resistant frames. On this basis, using the concept of Torsional Balance, adequate distribution of viscous dampers for the decrease of this correlation was determined by transferring the "Empirical Center of Balance" (ECB) to the geometrical center of the structure plan and thus obtaining an equal mean square value of displacement and acceleration of the plan edges. This study analyzed stiff and flexible torsional structures with one-way and two-way mass asymmetry in the Opensees software. By implementing the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, the optimum formation of dampers for controlling lateral displacement and acceleration is determined. The results indicate that with the appropriate distribution of viscous dampers, not only does the lateral displacement and acceleration of structure edges decrease but the lateral displacement or acceleration of the structure edges also become equal. It is also observed that the optimized center of viscous dampers for control of displacement and acceleration of structure depends on the amount of mass eccentricity, the ratio of uncoupled torsional-to-lateral frequency, and the amount of supplemental damping ratio. Accordingly, distributions of viscous dampers in the structure plan are presented to control the structure's torsion based on the parameters mentioned.

• 공업화학
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.437-446
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• 2014

비고리 알릴아민 화합물의 이중알코올화 반응은 아미노 다이올 구조를 도입할 수 있는 효율적인 합성법으로 아미노 다이올 구조를 포함하는 다양한 생리활성 천연물의 효율적인 합성에 적용될 수 있다. 본 리뷰에서는 기질 그 자체, 혹은 카이랄 리간드를 이용한 다양한 입체선택적 이중알코올화 반응들을 소개하고 이를 실제 천연물의 합성에 적용한 최근의 반응 결과들을 살펴보고자 한다.