• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2021

In this study, extreme wind speeds in the Western North Pacific (WNP) were estimated using reanalysis wind fields synthesized with an empirical typhoon vortex model. Reanalysis wind data used is the Fifth-generation European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis (ERA5) data, which was deemed to be the most suitable for extreme value analysis in this study. The empirical typhoon vortex model used has the advantage of being able to realistically reproduce the asymmetric winds of a typhoon by using the gale/storm-forced wind radii information in the 4 quadrants of a typhoon. Using a total of 39 years of the synthesized reanalysis wind fields in the WNP, extreme value analysis is applied to the General Pareto Distribution (GPD) model based on the Peak-Over-Threshold (POT) method, which can be used effectively in case of insufficient data. The results showed that the extreme analysis using the synthesized wind data significantly improved the tendency to underestimate the extreme wind speeds compared to using only reanalysis wind data. Considering the difficulty of obtaining long-term observational wind data at sea, the result of the synthesized wind field and extreme value analysis developed in this study can be used as basic data for the design of offshore structures.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.83-87
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• 2011

The vortex-driven magnetization process of micron-sized, exchange-coupled square elements with composition of $Ni_{80}Fe_{20}$ (12 nm)/$Ir_{20}Mn_{80}$ (5 nm) is investigated. The exchange-bias is introduced by field-cooling through the blocking temperature (TB) of the system, whereby Landau-shaped vortex states of the $Ni_{80}Fe_{20}$ layer are imprinted into the $Ir_{20}Mn_{80}$. In the case of zero-field cooling, the exchange-coupling at the ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic interface significantly enhances the vortex stability by increasing the nucleation and annihilation fields, while reducing coercivity and remanence. For the field-cooled elements, the hysteresis loops are shifted along the cooling field axis. The loop shift is attributed to the imprinting of displaced vortex state of $Ni_{80}Fe_{20}$ into $Ir_{20}Mn_{80}$, which leads to asymmetric effective local pinning fields at the interface. The asymmetry of the hysteresis loop and the strength of the exchange-bias field can be tuned by varying the strength of cooling field. Micromagnetic modeling reproduces the experimentally observed vortex-driven magnetization process if the local pinning fields induced by exchange-coupling of the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic layers are taken into account.

• Journal of computational fluids engineering
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• v.11 no.3 s.34
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• pp.22-27
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• 2006

Flow around a guided missile in high maneuver, i.e. at a high angle of attack, shows complex phenomena. It is well known that even in geometrically symmetric conditions the flow around a missile at high angles of attack can generate unexpected large side forces and yaw moments due to asymmetric vortices. In this paper, a CFD code (FLUENT) based on the Navier-Stokes equations was used for the numerical analysis to find a suitable numerical mechanism for generation of asymmetric vortices. It is shown that a numerical technique of applying different surface roughness to a specific area of the missile nose surface gives the best fit in comparison with the experimental results. In addition, a numerical investigation of variations of side forces and pressure distributions with angle of attack and roll angle was conducted for the purpose of identifying the source of vortex asymmetries.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.209-220
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• 2019

Even though the scale of hard structures for beach stabilization should carefully be determined such that these structures do not interrupt the great yearly circulation process of beach sediment in which the self-healing ability of natural beach takes places, massive hard structures such as the submerged breakwater of wide-width are frequently deployed as the beach stabilization measures. On this rationale, asymmetric ripple mat by Irie et al. (1994) can be the alternatives for beach stabilization due to its small scale to replace the preferred submerged breaker of wide-width. The effectiveness of asymmetric ripple mat is determined by how effectively the vortices enforced at the contraction part of flow area over the mat traps the sediment moving toward the offshore by the run-down. In order to verify this hypothesis, we carry out the numerical simulations based on the Navier-Stokes equation and the physically-based morphology model. Numerical results show that the asymmetric ripple mat effectively capture the sediment by forced vortex enforced at the apex of asymmetric ripple mat, and bring these trapped sediments back to the beach, which has been regarded to be the driving mechanism of beach stabilization effect of asymmetric ripple mat.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2002

The effects of sideslip on the vortex over a delta wing was investigated experimentallu at a free strean velocity of 40 m/sec, corresponding to a Reynolds number of 1.76$\times$$10^6$, based on the root chord. The angles of attack ranged from $16{^{\circ}}$ to $28{^{\circ}}$, and the sideslip angles treated were $0{^{\circ}}$, $-10{^{\circ}}$, and $-20{^{\circ}}$. It was observed that the sideslip decreased the strengths of the vortices of both windward and leeward sides of the wing, and promoted the vortex breakdown on the windward side. At sideslip angle of $-10{^{\circ}}$, the vortex strength of leeward side was increased as the angle of attack increased. This asymmetric development and breakdown of vortices in sideslip condition would cause an abrubt change of the rolling moment at a high angle of of attack, which could be considered as a rolling moment instability.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetic Resonance Society
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2005

$^{11}B$ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements have been performed to investigate electronic structures and vortex states of $M_gB_2$ superconductor. The central transition shows a narrow peak down to 25 K at 3.15 T. Below 25 K, an extra line starts to show up and dominates. The extra line is broad and asymmetric with a long tail in the high frequency side, which confirms that this originates from vortex pinning below the irreversibility temperature. From temperature evolution of the fraction and linewidth of the broad portion, temperature dependence of coherence length and penetration depth are extracted.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.30 no.5 s.248
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• pp.480-488
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• 2006

Numerical simulations of flow over two spheres placed in a tandem arrangement are conducted to investigate the effect of the inter-sphere spacing on the flow characteristics. The Reynolds numbers considered are 100, 250, 300 and 425, corresponding to steady axisymmetric, steady planar-symmetric, unsteady planar-symmetric, and unsteady asymmetric flows, respectively, in the case of a single sphere. For small inter-sphere spacings, the flow past two spheres is more stable than that past a single sphere. For example, with the spacing of the sphere radius, the flow is steady axisymmetric up to Re=300. However, for relatively large spacings, the flow past two spheres becomes unstable and vortex shedding takes place even at Re=250. The drag coefficient of the rear sphere decreases significantly with decreasing inter-sphere spacing due to reduction of the stagnation pressure, thus being smaller than that of the front sphere. Also, the rear sphere shows large fluctuations of the lift force as compared to the front one in the case of unsteady flow.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Visualization
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.46-51
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• 2019

Rotor wake interaction must be considered to understand the quadrotor flight, and the rotor separation distance is an important parameter that affects the rotor wake interaction. In this study, the wake characteristics were investigated with varying the rotor separation distance. The velocity field in the rotor wake was measured using digital PIV for hovering mode at Re = 34,000, and the wake boundaries from the inner and outer rotor tips were quantitatively compared with varying the rotor separation distance. The symmetric rotor-tip vortex shedding about the rotor axis was found at a large rotor separation distance. However, the wake boundary became more asymmetric about the rotor axis with decreasing the rotor separation distance. At the minimum rotor separation distance, in particular, a faster vortex decay was observed due to a strong vortex interaction between adjacent rotors.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1996.05a
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• pp.68-73
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• 1996

The full incompressible Navier-Stokes equations are numerically integrated to solve the unsteady channel flow using a new numerical scheme of second-order accuracy developed by the authors. It is well known that in spite of the symmetry in the boundary condition and geometry, asymmetry can develop with time-dependency in a channel with sudden expansion. The instability of the shear flow and the cross-channel pressure contribute to such asymmetric flow. In this paper, we successfully generated a channel flow in which vortex waves were propagated downstream due to the harmonically oscillating inlet flow. The structure of the eddies and wall vorticity are parametrically investigated.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.90-92
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• 2009

This study examined the current-induced spin wave excitation in asymmetric nanopillar junctions with a stack sequence of 20 nm Pt/10 nm Cu/7 nm NiFe/300 nm Cu, and a circular lateral dimension of 240 nm. An analysis of the magnetic and magnetotransport characteristics of the junction showed a possible spin transfer effect at this sample dimension when the magnetization was switched from a vortex state to another state. This finding is expected to help improve the understanding of the spin transfer torque phenomenon in nanopillar junctions.