• 보존과학연구
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• s.27
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• pp.5-22
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• 2006

Mireuksa is a temple that was established in the Baekjea Period and continued around to the 16thcentury. The sites of the temple throughout diverse periods such as the United Shilla Period, KoryuPeriod, and Chosun Period including the one of the early temple in the late Baekjea Period were discovered. In those temple sites, there were lots of diverse artifacts discovered including artifacts in the Bronze Age. In this study, the compositions of four bronze bells excavated from Mireuksa site in Iksan were analyzed and the manufacturing technique of bronze bells was studied through the observation of microstructure. Also, the analytical cases of ancient bronze bells were collected and compared. Furthermore, the provenance study of the bronze bells site was attempted with the Pbisotope ratio. The results aim to offer crucial keys for discovering the aspect of society as well as information about the origin, development, and the route of propagation of ancient technologies. Bronze bell No. 1 showed an unexpected composition as Cu was found 98.5% in it. There were shown twins which were created by annealing and an even phase in the fine grains. It was also shown that bronze bell No. 2 and 4 had a high content of Pb although they showed a similar composition with general bronze bells in terms of Sn content. As shown in the analysis characteristics table of Korean bronze bell of this study, the ancient bronze bell used Pb of which content was limited to 2.12% in general, however, the results showed 15.5% and 13.2% respectively, which is an excessive amount. Asa result of analyzing inclusion in the microstructure of bronze bell No. 2, it was found that sulfide group mineral was used since there appeared S(14.55%). Also, it was proven that $CuFeS_2$ or$Cu_5FeS_4$ was used as a raw material because there was a small amount of Fe. As a result of analyzing inclusion of bronze bell No. 4, the bronze bell sample contained S(13.43%) and it is thought that sulfide group mineral was used, however, it had no Fe. Therefore, it is not connected to $CuFeS_2$ which is the main mineral of Korea. In addition, a strain line was shown with processing in bronze bell No. 2 and 4. As a result of provenance study of bronze bell No. 2 and 4 using the Pb isotope ratio, they or their raw materials are estimated to come from the southern China. Bronze bell No. 3 showed only Cu and Sn, and it is featured with a relatively low amount of Sn(6.63%). The microstructure has only phase, andintergranular corrosion was highly in progress.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.74-91
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• 2015

Background and Objective : Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease at the mucosa and is associated with excess production of Th2 cytokine and eosinophil accumulation in lung.Gamchomahwang-tangextract(GME) is one of the well known prescription used in oriental medicine for treating asthma. This study was designed to compare the anti-asthmatic effect of GME according to the ratio of 2 compounds.Methods : To examine the effects of GME on asthma, mice were sensitized with 100 ㎍ of OVA and 1 ㎎ of aluminum potassium sulfate(Alum; Sigma) intraperitoneally on day 1 and 15. From day 22, mice were challenged on 3 consecutive days with 5% OVA. The anti-asthmatic effects of GME were evaluated by enhanced pause(Penh), bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF), inflammatory cytokine production and genes expression, serum IgE production. and histological change in lung tissue. GMEⅠ consists of ES and GU in the proportion 2:1(300 ㎎/㎏ group), GMEⅡ consist of ES and GU in the proprtion 4:1(300 ㎎/㎏ group).Results : GMEⅠ,Ⅱ generally inhibited lung inflammation, inflammatory cells infiltration and cytokine production and gene expression such as IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 in BALF and serum IgE level. GMEⅡ significantly reduced the cytokine production and gene expression such as IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 in BALF and GMEⅠ decreased cytokine production of IL-4, IL-13 in BALF and gene expression of IL-4, IL-5 in Lung. GMEⅡ potently inhibited the development of Penh and also reduced the number of eosinophil during OVA-induced AHR(airway hyper-reactivity). Overall the results show that GMEⅡ has more effect on inhibiting production, gene expression of cytokine, serum IgE level and development of Penh than GMEⅠ. Consequently, GMEⅡ might be more effective than GMEⅠ at inhibiting allergic asthma on the OVA-induced mice model.Conclusion : These results indicate that GME has a deep inhibitory effects on airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in mice model of asthma and that suppression of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 expression and decrease of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 production in BALF might contribute this effect. Hence, the results indicate that GME might be useful herbal medicine of allergic asthma. As a result, GMEⅡ mght be superior to GMEⅠ in the aspect of anti-asthmatic effect on the OVA-induced mice model.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.28
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• pp.125-153
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• 2012

This study is regarding what motion modality has influences on aspects of genre and media. Nowadays, motion modality becomes an element which is actively manipulated in live actions as well as animations. And, it has been generally accepted that a strategy on manipulation of motion depends on matters of genre or medium. As respected, can we say the premise is correct? if it is, can we refine the premise more theoretically, without using the words, 'genre' or 'media' which have not been are not been defined on an academic aspect. I intend to discuss on this issue. I will speculate the issue of manipulation of motion modality on theoretical bases. According to McLuhan's hot/cool media theory and Bolter's oscillation theory, the effect of it turns out to be same as manipulation of sentience ratio of media readers, and the ideal result will be examined by an example analysis. In the analysis, I will explore what effects manipulation of motion has on several examples. Then, by examining what kind of correlation these effects has with media/genre positioning, I ultimately will evaluate the genre/medium-based determinism of motion modality, which is represented by a typical premise like "Animation is most realistic when it has the most animation-like movement." Conclusively I suggest a refined premise like the following. Modality of motion is a strategy depending on issues of genre, with no regard to issues of medium, and the issue of genre is a category which is positioned considering mixture ratio of sentience. With this reason, A strategy of modality of motion depends to sentience a certain sequence needs. So, motion modality becomes a strategy which has to be approached in functionality of genre rather than economic values which spring from technical devices like a motion capture.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.427-434
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• 2017

This experiment was conducted to investigate the aspect of tiller occurrence, growth and yield of sorghum according to planting distance and sowing date. The object of this experiment is to get basic data to inhibit non-productive tillers uneconomical and cumbersome for mechanical harvesting. Also another object was to evaluate optimum planting distance and sowing date in central district area. Total number of tillers was more in 80 cm ridge than 60 cm ridge and it was increased as the planting distance was wider from 15 cm to 30 cm on the each ridge. Ratio of effective tillers was higher in 60 cm ridge than 80 cm ridge and it was decreased as planting distance was wider from 15 cm to 30 cm. The lower the planting distance, the more increased total number of tillers, whereas effective tillers was decreased as planting distance was high. Average of total number of tillers of three varieties was higher in sowing date of May 2 (1st sowing date), whereas ratio of effective tillers was the highest in sowing date of May 23 (2nd sowing date). Hwanggeumchal showed the highest total number of tillers (1.2 tillers), while Moktaksusu had the lowest total number of tillers (0.8 tillers) among three varieties. There were no significant difference between planting distance and days to heading and ripening date from seeding. Culm length increased as planting distance was high, but ear length, grains per ear and 1000 grain weight were decreased on the other hand. The highest yield of sorghum per 10a was obtained from $60{\times}20cm$ planting distance among 6 planting distances.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.11 no.3 s.55
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• pp.23-31
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• 2007

Fast bridge construction has been increasingly needed according to the changed construction environment. This paper deals with quasi-static tests on precast piers for bridge substructures. One of the most crucial aspect of the design of precast prestressed concrete bridge piers is the seismic performance. Seven precast pier elements were fabricated. The amount of prestressing bars, the prestressing force, and the location and number of the joint between segments were the main test parameters. Test results showed that the introduced axial prestress made the restoration of the deformation under small lateral displacement and minor damage. However, there was no effect of the prestress when the plastic hinge region was damaged severely due to large lateral displacement. Judging from the observed damage, the design of the joints in precast piers should be done for the first joint between the foundation and the pier segment. The amount of the necessary prestressing steel may be designed to satisfy the P-M diagram according to the service loads, not by having the same steel ratio as normal RC bridge piers. In order to satisfy the current required displacement ductility, it is necessary to have the same amount of the transverse reinforcements as RC piers. As the steel ratio increases, the energy absorption capacity increases. The number of joints showed a little influence on the energy absorption capacity.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.20 no.2 s.52
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• pp.71-81
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• 2007

The marble-type dolomite from the Jasung Mine, which was farmed by duplicated affects of contact metamorphism and subsequent hydrothermal alteration, corresponds to a high-purity dolomite ranging up to above 98wt.% in dolomite contents. The dolomite contain minor impurities such as quartz, muscovite, and pyrite. It is characteristic that the dolomite is fairy Fe-rich corresponding to 0.4 wt.% due to the presence of pyrite of possible hydrothermal origin. The dolomite is nearly white-colored and constituting with subhedral crystals ranging $0.35{\sim}0.46mm$M in size, forming equigranular texture. Compared to the typical high-Ca limestone from the Pungchon Formation, the powder characteristics of dolomite is rather superior in milling efficiency, yields of fine particles, and size distribution. In addition, except for iron contents, the dolomite powder is no less superior than the limestone in quality and characteristics as fillers with respects to not only whiteness, oil absorption, and specific surface area but also shape characters such as elongation ratio, aspect ratio, and sphericity. This good characteristics of dolomite powder seem to be originated basically from comparatively higher grade and crystallinity of dolomite. Higher iron contents and the presence of sulfides prevents the dolomite from application for uses by thermal treatment, except for metallic manufacture. However, if proper ore separation procedure is available, the dolomite can be sufficiently utilized as substitutes for high-Ca limestone in most fields of filler industries.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.19-24
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• 2009

Formation of an adhesion/barrier layer and a seed layer by sputtering techniques followed by electroplating has been one of the most widely used methods for the filling of through-Si via (TSV) with high aspect ratio for 3-D packaging. In this research, the adhesion and diffusion-barrier properties of the $TaN_x$ film deposited by reactive sputtering were investigated. The adhesion strength between Cu film and $SiO_2$/Si substrate was quantitatively measured by $180^{\circ}$ peel test and topple test as a function of the composition of the adhesive $TaN_x$ film. As the nitrogen content increased in the adhesive $TaN_x$ film, the adhesion strength between Cu and $SiO_2$/Si substrate increased, which was attributed to the increased formation of interfacial compound layer with the nitrogen flow rate. We also examined the diffusion-barrier properties of the $TaN_x$ films against Cu diffusion and found that it was improved with increasing nitrogen content in the $TaN_x$ film up to N/Ta ratio of 1.4.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.354-360
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• 2005

A high performance LWIR(long wavelength infra red) zoom thermal imaging sensor using $480{\times}6$ HgCdTe(MCT) linear detector has been developed by ADD Korea. The optical system consists of zoom telescope having large objective about 190 mm diameter and optically well corrected scanning system. The zoom ratio of the telescope is 3: 1 and its magnification change is performed by moving two lens groups. And also these moving groups are used for athermalization of the system. It is certain that the zoom sensor can be used in wide operating temperature range without any degradation of the system performance. Especially, the sensor image can be displayed with the HDTV(high definition television) format of which aspect ratio is 16:9. In case of HDTV format, the scanning system is able to display 620,000 pixels. This function can make wider horizontal field of view without any loss of performance than the normal TV format image. The MRTD(minimum resolvable temperature difference) of the LWIR thermal imaging sensor shows good results below 0.04 K at spatial frequency 2 cycles/mrad and 0.23 K at spatial frequency 8 cycles/mrad at the narrow field of view.

• Journal of The Korean Ophthalmological Society
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• v.59 no.11
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• pp.1071-1076
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• 2018

Purpose: To report a case of immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related ophthalmic disease associated with adult xanthogranulomatous disease. Case summary: A 38-year-old male with a history of cholecystectomy visited our clinic for bilateral periorbital swelling. Histopathology of the orbital biopsy showed diffuse infiltration of foamy histiocytes with Touton giant cells and lymphoid follicles, with a diagnosis of adult-onset xanthogranuloma. After excisional biopsy, he was treated with azathioprine and prednisolone. Four years after treatment, he again visited the clinic due to bilateral, yellowish eyelid masses. Serological examinations were all nonspecific findings, except for elevation of IgG and IgG4 levels. Magnetic resonance imaging showed bilateral symmetric soft tissue enlargement with slightly heterogeneous T1/T2 isosignal intensity, with contrast enhancement at the superolateral aspect of extraconal spaces. Excisional biopsy and blepharoplasty were performed. Immunohistochemical sections showed that the IgG4+/IgG plasma cell ratio was 10-20% and the IgG4 plasma cell count was 22/high power field (HPF). His past sections of 2013 from the pathology department were again stained and showed that the IgG4+/IgG plasma cell ratio was 40-50% and the IgG4 plasma cell count was 59/HPF. Thus, he was definitely diagnosed with IgG4-related ophthalmic disease. Conclusions: If there is recurrent eyelid swelling, IgG4-related ophthalmic disease should be considered as a differential diagnosis. And the patient with adult xanthogranulomatous disease can be diagnosed with IgG4-related ophthalmic disease.

• Advances in nano research
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.115-128
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• 2021

In this article, free vibration behavior of electro-magneto-thermo sandwich Timoshenko beam made of porous core and Graphene Platelet Reinforced Composite (GPLRC) in a thermal environment is investigated. The governing equations of motion are derived by using the modified strain gradient theory for micro structures and Hamilton's principle. The magneto electro are under linear function along the thickness that contains magnetic and electric constant potentials and a cosine function. The effects of material length scale parameters, temperature change, various distributions of porous, different distributions of graphene platelets and thickness ratio on the natural frequency of Timoshenko beam are analyzed. The results show that an increase in aspect ratio, the temperature change, and the thickness of GPL leads to reduce the natural frequency; while vice versa for porous coefficient, volume fractions and length of GPL. Moreover, the effect of different size-dependent theories such as CT, MCST and MSGT on the natural frequency is investigated. It reveals that MSGT and CT have most and lowest values of natural frequency, respectively, because MSGT leads to increase the stiffness of micro Timoshenko sandwich beam by considering three material length scale parameters. It is seen that by increasing porosity coefficient, the natural frequency increases because both stiffness and mass matrices decreases, but the effect of reduction of mass matrix is more than stiffness matrix. Considering the piezo magneto-electric layers lead to enhance the stiffness of a micro beam, thus the natural frequency increases. It can be seen that with increasing of the value of WGPL, the stiffness of microbeam increases. As a result, the value of natural frequency enhances. It is shown that in hc/h = 0.7, the natural frequency for WGPL = 0.05 is 8% and 14% less than its for WGPL = 0.06 and WGPL = 0.07, respectively. The results show that with an increment in the length and width of GPLs, the natural frequency increases because the stiffness of micro structures enhances and vice versa for thickness of GPLs. It can be seen that the natural frequency for aGPL = 25 ㎛ and hc/h = 0.6 is 0.3% and 1% more than the one for aGPL = 5 ㎛ and aGPL = 1 ㎛, respectively.