• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.11
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• pp.241-250
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• 2020

This study examines the relationship between the attributes of board structure and the likelihood of financial distress for the non-financial sector of an emerging market characterized by concentrated ownership and family-controlled business. The present study utilized panel logistic regression to estimate the relationship between board structure attributes and the likelihood of financial distress. We used Altman Z-Score as a proxy for firm financial distress, as this tool measures the financial distress inversely. The study finds a significant relationship between board size and the likelihood of financial distress. The results show that a one-unit increase in board size would decrease the probability of financial distress by 3.4%. Further, we observe that a greater level of board independence is associated with a lower likelihood of financial distress. A one-unit increase in board independence would decrease the probability of financial distress by 20.4%. We also find a significant positive impact of leverage on the likelihood of financial distress. The present study contributes to the body of literature on board structure attributes and likelihood of financial distress in emerging markets, like Pakistan. Furthermore, the findings would be beneficial for corporate policymakers and investors in formulating corporate financial strategy and predicting business failure.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.285-296
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• 2016

This study was conducted to obtain a better understanding of American green tea consumers for increasing Korean green tea sales in the US market. In doing so, this study investigated green tea choice attributes of US consumers and segmented them based upon their perceptions about important attributes of green tea. A factor-cluster segmentation approach was used for this study. An exploratory factor analysis identified five green tea choice motives: 'Sensory', 'Diet', 'Price', 'Health', and 'Brand'. Based upon these five choice attributes, cluster analyses classified all respondents into four homogeneous subgroups: 'Highly motivated', 'Taste/Price oriented', 'Health oriented', and 'Brand oriented'. Cross-tab tests proved that green tea consumption and purchasing patterns were significantly different among the four clusters. In particular, two cluster groups representing 'Highly motivated' and 'Health oriented' groups were found to offer the most utility for further American green tea market segmentation research. Findings show that American green tea consumers include a wide range of age groups and they usually buy green tea at grocery markets. Managerial implications for all cluster groups based upon their unique characteristics are provided. Korean green tea companies can apply these findings in order to develop more effective and efficient marketing strategies to attract American consumers to buy more Korean green tea.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.208-218
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• 2012

This study investigated the utilization status and awareness of adults living in Daegu and Gyeongbuk region. Frequencies, t-tests, ${\chi}^2$ tests, analysis of variance, Duncan's multiple range tests, and Spearman rank correlation were conducted by SPSS Windows V.18.0. Sixty-five percents of the respondents purchased Yaksun ingredients and cooked at home, 54% purchased cooked Yaksun at food shops of markets or department stores, and 82% purchased Yaksun at specialty stores. Many respondents answered that the main motivation for use of Yaksun was for improving health. Sixty-six percent of the respondents used Yaksun less than one time per month. Yaksun cooked with chicken was the most favorite Yaksun menu item. In addition, sanitary management of Yaksun ingredients was the most important item for distribution of Yaksun. Most respondents answered that Yaksun was more expensive than general foods. However, respondents demonstrated positive awareness regarding the function and efficacy of Yaksun for improving health.

• STI Policy Review
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.43-64
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• 2014

Korea has pursued an aggressive policy of inviting more foreign-born students to its universities since the late 1990s in the wake of the globalization of education markets and its changing demographic structure. While increasingly more students from Asia come to Korea for study, more than half of the graduates return home upon graduation. Given the issues of brain drain, brain circulation, and knowledge transfer that are raised by such a high return rate, this paper examines the factors that frame the foreign students' decision on their post-graduation careers. By analyzing survey data, we report that Asian students majoring in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) are more likely to return than non-STEM majors. This suggests that Korea's aggressive policies of inviting foreign-born students have contributed to brain circulation and knowledge transfer between Korea and the other Asian countries. We also find that scholarships from Korean sources and positive attitudes toward Korean culture and life increase their inclination to stay in the country upon graduation. These findings, however, raise more questions than answers, since it becomes obvious that their post-graduation decisions are highly affected by what Korea as a society provides.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.12
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• pp.1-7
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• 2021

The study examines the influence of COVID-19 on the stock market returns of Saudi Arabia. The data was analyzed through event study methodology using daily price data of Tadawul All Share Index (TASI). The study examines the behavior pattern of the Saudi Arabian stock market in different phases during the event period by selecting six-event windows with a range of 10 days. The results report a negative Abnormal Return (AR) of -0.003 on the event date, while the abnormal returns reversed the next day to 0.005 positively. The result of Cumulative Abnormal Return (CAR) is negative and significant at the 1 percent level in all the six-event windows starting from the event date to day 59 after the event for the TASI index. Even though the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic decreased after 30 days of the event date, it increased during the last ten days of the event window. The stock market volatility of Saudi Arabia increased during the post-event period compared to the pre-event period with a negative mean return of -0.326 and a greater standard deviation. In a conclusion, the study found a significant influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the stock market returns of TASI.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.575-584
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• 2021

This research aims to examine and analyze the impact of customer shifting behavior on the shopping emotion. Based on impulse buying, customers tend to behave recently based on the constructed variables of impulse buying, outlet ambience, hedonic shopping value utilitarian shopping value, and shopping emotion. This study employs samples/survey data of the population consisted of Asian women parents in Indonesia. The survey data of this research is based on observations using time series with cross-section/one-shot, which was done in 2019. The results indicate that variable outlet ambience, hedonic shopping value, and shopping emotion have a positive and significant impact on impulse buying. Whereas the utilitarian shopping value variable has a positive but not significant relationship against impulse buying. There is a positive influence between ambience outlets and utilitarian shopping value on shopping emotion. The variable hedonic shopping value has a negative and not significant relationship towards shopping emotion. The finding of this study suggests that both the retail stores and even the superstores must pay more attention to the design of outlet ambience to create the hedonic shopping value and eventually may attempt the attention of the impulse buying customers.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.3-25
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• 2022

East Asia's Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) came into force in 2022 as the world's largest free trade agreement. RCEP was concluded, signed and brought into force in the face of major international uncertainty and is a significant boost to the global trading system. RCEP brings Australia, China, Japan, South Korea and New Zealand into the same agreement with the ten member ASEAN group at its centre. It keeps markets open and updates trade and investment rules in East Asia, a major centre of global economic activity, at a time of rising protectionism when the WTO itself is under threat. The agreement builds on ASEAN's free trade agreements and strengthens ASEAN centrality. One of the pillars of RCEP is an economic cooperation agenda which has its antecedents in ASEAN's approach to bringing along its least developed members and builds on the experience of capacity building in APEC and technical cooperation under the ASEAN Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement. There is an opportunity to create a framework that facilitates deeper economic cooperation that involves experience-sharing, extending RCEP's rules and membership at the same time as strengthening political cooperation. The paper suggests some areas that might be best suited to cooperation - that is confidence and trust building instead of or before negotiation - and discusses how non-members may be engaged and the membership expanded. Options such as multilateralising provisions and becoming a platform for policy convergence and coordinating unilateral reforms are canvassed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.927-932
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• 2018

The demand for beef as a protein source is increasing worldwide, although in most countries beef accounts for considerably less than half of total meat consumption. Beef also provides a highly desirable eating experience in developed countries and, increasingly, in developing countries. The sustainability of beef production has different meanings in the various geographical and socio-economic regions of the world. Natural resources including land mass and uses, rainfall and access to livestock feed, and the robustness of the economy are major determinants of the perception of beef sustainability. In this overview of the 2016 International Symposium on "Future Beef in Asia" and this subsequent Special Edition of the Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences on "Current Situation and Future Prospects for Global Beef Production", the contributions have been grouped into the following categories: Countries in Southeast Asia; Europe; and Countries producing highly marbled beef for export and/or domestic consumption. They also include reference to Special Topics including marbled beef production, and use of "omics" technologies to enhance beef quality assurance. Among these broad categories, notable differences exist across countries in the production and marketing of beef. These reflect differences in factors including natural resource availability and climate, population size, traditional culture and degree of economic development including industrial and technological developments. We trust that the International Symposium and this Special Edition on Current Situation and Future Prospects for Global Beef Production, the contents of which that are briefly summarized in this paper, will serve as a valuable resource for the livestock industries, researchers and students with an interest in enhancing the prospects for sustainable, efficient beef production that satisfies the growing size and complexity of consumer demands and markets for beef.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.511-525
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• 2008

Residential segregation is often considered to be one of the social problems that intensify urban inequality This study reviews three different frameworks about the causes of residential segregation and tests their validity in the real world. The review focuses on racial/ethnic residential segregation in U.S. cities since it has been blamed for persistent socio-economic gap among racial/ethnic groups. The three different segregation frameworks include 'spatial assimilation' that attributes segregation to low degree of assimilation and acculturation, 'place stratification' to discriminatory practices in the housing and mortgage markets such as steering, blockbusting, and redlining, and 'resurgent ethnicity' to racial/ethnic preference in residential choice, particularly in-group attraction. As an effort to test their validity, the paper examined residential pattern changes of the four major Asian nationality groups through 1990s and found that their residences got decentralized but re-cluster in some selected suburbs. This supports 'resurgent ethnicity' largely and 'spatial assimilation' only partly.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.291-298
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• 2022

COVID-19 has spread across the world in the last two years, confining people to their homes and shutting down businesses and markets. The world is currently experiencing a catastrophic economic and social crisis. To benefit people and to protect them, industries invented new products. These products were made by small and medium-sized businesses across the globe. In South Asia, there was also a rigorous lockdown, people were laid off, and SMEs adopted E-commerce to assist clients and customers. Therefore, the study aims to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on E-commerce adoption through open innovation strategies in South Asian countries. 500 respondents were selected through an online questionnaire to collect data from different countries of South Asia. The prominent countries are; India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. The results of the study show that perceived compatibility and complexity have a positive influence on E-commerce adoption. In normal circumstances, however, the open innovation model is feasible. Knowledge and experience sharing and management attitude have a moderate impact on E-commerce adoption. These results are beneficial for researchers and SME managers in South Asia to overcome the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic and increase the number of skilled people employed. This study suggests that SMEs should hire skilled workers to upgrade their systems.