• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.193-200
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• 2017

BACKGROUND: Plant growth under smart greenhouse (that is plant factory system) conditions of an artificial light type is significantly depending on the artificial light sources such as a fluorescent lamps or Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) with specific spectral wavelengths regardless of the outside environmental changes. In this experiment, characteristics on the growth and compound synthesis of kale seedlings affected by light qualities and intensities provided by LEDs were mentioned. METHODS AND RESULTS: The kale seedlings which developed 3~4 true leaves were exposed by fluorescent lamps or LEDs lights of red (R), blue+white (BW), blue+red (BR) with 50 (L) or $100(H){\mu}mol/m^2/s^1$ photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) under hydroponic culture system of deep flow technique for 50 days. Shoot fresh weight increased under the RH, BWH, and BRH treatments with higher PPF. Shoot elongation of the seedlings decreased, and polyphenol synthesis promoted by the higher light intensity conditions. Sugar synthesis in the leaves was above 2 times greater under the RH treatment of monochromic red light quality with $100{\mu}mol/m^2/s^1\;PPF$ than $50{\mu}mol/m^2/s^1\;PPF$. CONCLUSION: The results show that the control of light quality and intensity in the smart greenhouse conditions with artificial lights significantly affects the growth and compound synthesis in the fresh kale leaves with higher culture efficiency compared to the conventional soil culture under greenhouse or field conditions. Researches on the optimum light intensities of the LEDs with special spectral wavelengths are necessary for maximum growth and metabolism in the seedlings.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.3-11
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• 2014

Light has been considered as one of the most important elements in architectural design. Light provides occupants in buildings a lot of architectural experiences by interrelating the space, shape and other design elements. Especially, natural light is the valuable source to create the better indoor space compared to artificial light. It is a sustainable energy source and offers a more natural environment. It also enables occupants to perceive the form and depth of space. In general. many of architects including Henri Ciriani have tried to design buildings with natural light expecting optimum indoor environment. Therefore, this paper tried to examine the works of Henri Ciriani and analyze how to control the light in his works. For this purpose, two museums designed by Henri Ciriani-Arles Museum of Archaeology and Great War Historical Museum in Peronne - were selected to analyze how Henri Ciriani used light in his design phase and applied it to his museum works. According to the results of the study, it has been proved that Henri Ciriani tried to realize a space continuum through the spatial expansion, openness and closeness by natural light and incorporate the architectural form, interior space and exhibition circulation with natural light in order to create innovative exhibition space in museum buildings.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.193-200
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• 2013

BACKGROUND: Plant factory system of an artificial light type using Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs), fluorescent light, or metal halide lamp instead of sun light is an ultimated method for plant production without any pesticides regardless of seasonal changes. The plant factory is also completely isolated from outside environmental conditions such as a light, temperature, or humidity compared to conventional greenhouse. Light-environment control such as a quality or quantity in the plant factory system is essential for improving the growth and development of plant species. However, there was little report that the effects of various light qualities provided by LEDs on Ledebouriella seseloides growth under the plant factory system. METHODS AND RESULTS: Ledebouriella seseloides seedlings transplanted at urethane sponge were grown in the plant factory system of a horizontal type with LED artificial lights for 90 days. Yamazaki solution for hydroponic culture of the seedlings was regularly irrigated by the deep flow technique (DFT) system on the culture gutters. Electrical Conductivity (EC) and pH of the solution was recorded at 1.4 ds/m and 5.8 in average, respectively during the experimental period. Number of unfolded leaves, leaf length, shoot fresh and dry weight of the seedlings were three times measured in every 30 days after beginning of the experiment. Blue LEDs, red LEDs, and fluorescent lights inside the plant factory were used as light sources. Conventional fluorescent lamps were considered as a control. In all the treatment, light intensity was maintained at $100{\mu}mol/m^2/s$ on the culture bed. Fresh weight of the seedlings was 3.7 times greater in the treatment with the mixture radiation of fluorescent light and blue+red LEDs (1:3 in energy ratio; Treatment FLBR13) than in fluorescent light treatment (Treatment FL). In FLBR13 treatment, dry weight per seedling was two times greater than in FL or BR11 treatment of blue+red LEDs (1:3 in energy ratio; Treatment BR11) during the culture period. Increasing in number of unfolded leaves was also significantly affected by the FLBR13 treatment comparing with BR11 treatment. CONCLUSION(S): Hydroponic culture of Ledebouriella seseloides seedlings was successfully achieved in the plant factory system with mixture lights of blue, red LEDs and fluorescent lights. Shoot growth of the seedlings was significantly promoted by the FLBR13 with the mixture radiation of fluorescent light, blue, and red LEDs under 1:3 mixture ratio of blue and red LEDs during the experimental period compared to conventional light conditions.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.84-93
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• 2016

Plant factories with artificial lights require a large amount of electrical energy for lighting; therefore, enhancement of light use efficiency will decrease the cost of plant production. The objective of this study was to enhance the light use efficiency by using filters to diffuse the light from LED sources in plant factory conditions. The two treatments used diffuse glasses with haze factors of 40% and 80%, and a control without the filter. For each treatment, canopy light distribution was evaluated by a 3-D ray tracing method and canopy photosynthesis was measured with a sealed acrylic chamber. Sixteen lettuces for each treatment were cultivated hydroponically in a plant factory for 28 days after transplanting and their growth was compared. Simulation results showed that the light absorption was concentrated on the upper part of the lettuce canopy in treatments and control. The control showed particularly poor canopy light distribution with hotspots of light intensity; thus the light use efficiency decreased compared to the treatments. Total light absorption was the highest in the control; however, the amount of effective light absorption was higher in treatments than the control, and was highest in treatment using filters with a haze factor of 80%. Canopy photosynthesis and plant growth were significantly higher in all the treatments. In conclusion, application of the diffuse glass filters enhanced the canopy light distribution, photosynthesis, and growth of the plants under LED lighting, resulting in enhanced the light use efficiency in plant factory conditions.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.232-239
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of photoperiod and light intensity of RBW LED (red:blue:white = 2:1:1) on the growth of Taraxacum coreanum Nakai in a fully artificial light type plant factory. 3 photoperiods and 4 light intensity were used respectively in a fully artificial light type plant production system. Plants were cultured with three photoperiods and four light intensity regimes (conditions) for 270 and 120 days, respectively, using nutrient film technique (NFT) or aeroponics culture methods. For each photoperiod, the total leaves per plant harvested 8 times in all cultivation period was 224 in the 16/8(day/light) photoperiod that had no significant difference from 220 in the 12/12 photoperiod and the lowest number of leaves was 151 occurred in the 8/16 photoperiod, which means that the longer photoperiod, the more leaves harvest. Total fresh weight of above ground was the high in order of in 16/8 photoperiod as 125g, 12/12 photoperiod as 91g, 8/16 photoperiod as 56g. For each light intensity, the total leaves per plant harvested 4 times in all cultivation period was the great in order of $150{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ as 123, $200{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ as 107, $100{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ as 95, $50{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ as 56 which was the smallest number of total leaves harvest. Total fresh weight of above ground per plant was the high in order of $150{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ as 43.6g, $100{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ as 34.6g, $200{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ as 32.2g, $50{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ as 18.2g. From these results, it was concluded that photoperiod of 16/8 and light intensity at $150{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ can be used as the light condition of RBW LED (red:blue:white = 2:1:1) for optimal growth of Taraxacum coreanum Nakai in a fully artificial light type plant factory.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.67 no.6
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• pp.759-766
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• 2018

Although the Act on the Prevention of Light Pollution Due to Artificial Lighting has been enforced since 2013, the area of advertisement lighting has made slow progress in solving the problems of light pollution. This paper first investigated institutional problems by analyzing domestic laws and regulations relating to the light pollution of advertisement lighting, and investigated and analyzed methods for reducing light pollution that were applied in overseas countries. Then, problems of light pollution were analyzed by conducting a research on the actual status of advertisement lightings installed in South Korea and applying various methods for reducing light pollution, and advertisement lighting using LED was recommended. As a method for reducing light pollution that can be applied to the process of manufacturing channel letter-type advertisement lights, power consumption per unit area ($W/m^2$) was proposed, and $100W/m^2$ was recommended as a value currently suitable for South Korea.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.228-233
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• 2013

This study was conducted to examine the effect of light intensity and photoperiod of white LEDs as the artificial light source on the growth of leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) 'Seonhong Jeokchukmyeon' in a closed-type plant production system. Seedlings, transplanted at a density of $20cm{\times}20cm$ in a completely randomized design, were grown under white LEDs (FC Poibe Co. Ltd., Korea), at one of the 3 light intensities (100, 200, or $300{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$), and each with one of 3 photoperiods [12/12, 18/6, or 24/0 (Light/Dark)]. Plants were cultured for 22 days under the condition of $21{\pm}2^{\circ}C$, $60{\pm}10%$ RH, and $400{\pm}50{\mu}mol{\cdot}mol^{-1}\;CO_2$. The greatest leaf length and width, fresh and dry weights, and total anthocyanin content were obtained in the 24/0 photoperiod, regardless of the light intensity. Length of the longest root, fresh and dry weights, and number of leaves were greater in light intensity of $200{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ than 100 or $300{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$. Chlorophyll value was the greatest in the photoperiod 12/12 than 18/6 or 24/0. The results obtained suggest that plant grew the best kept by light intensity at 200 or $300{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, and photoperiod of 12/12 or 18/6.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Bio-Environment Control Conference
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• 1998.10a
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• pp.47-54
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• 1998

인공광형 식물공장의 광원으로는 고압나트륨등, 메탈할라이드등, 형광등이 주로 사용되고 있다. 고압나트륨등과 메탈할라이드등은 램프효율은 높으나 각각 청색광 또는 적색광이 부족하여 식물공장의 근접 조명용 단독 광원으로서는 부적합하다. 형광등은 고압나트륨등과 같은 고휘도 방전등에 비해서 광속은 낮으나 광이용효율이 높기 때문에 조직배양묘의 광원으로 널리 사용되고 있다. (중략)

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Bio-Environment Control Conference
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• 1996.10a
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• pp.71-75
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• 1996

공정육묘의 생장과 품질은 공정묘개체군(이하 '묘개체군'이라 칭함)내 미기상의 영향을 크게 받는다. 현재까지, 식물생태계의 미기상 변화에 따른 작물생육의 반응 또는 식물생태군의 공기역학적 특성과 관련된 연구$^{(4). (5). (6)}$ 는 노지식물을 대상으로 광범위하게 이루어져 왔으나, 식물종묘공장과 같은 폐쇄계 식물생산 시설에서 묘개체군내의 미기상 특성에 관한 연구는 Kim등$^{(3)}$ 에 의해서 최근들어 시도되었다. (중략)

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Bio-Environment Control Conference
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• 1996.10a
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• pp.76-80
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• 1996

공정육묘는 기후의 영향을 쉽게 받는 자연광하에서 대부분의 생산이 이루어지기 때문에 계획적인 묘생산이 어렵게 된다. 향후 식물공장(Plant factory) 또는 폐쇄생태계생명유지시스템(Controlled ecological life support system, CELSS)과 같이 폐쇄도가 높은 식물생산 시스템에서는 식물종묘 생산의 대부분이 인공광을 이용한 조건에서 이루어질 것으로 예상된다. (중략)