• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.117-129
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• 2003

We made a clinical analysis of 135 pediatric patients who visited Emergency Room of Dongguk University Oriental Hospital, during 1 year from March 2002 to February 2003. The results were as follows ; 1. Whether they received medical examination and treatment or not : new patients were 95(70.4%) and pediatric patients who received medical examination and treatment were 40(29.6%). 2. Seasonal distribution: Spring(March, April, May) was 45(33.3%), Summer(June, July, August) was 35(25.9%), Autumn(September, October, November) was 32(23.7%) and Winter(December, January, February) was 23(17.0%). 3. The time interval between onset and arrival : within 6 hours were 68(50.4%), 6-12 hours were 14(10.4%), 12-24 hours were 26(9.3%), 24-48 hours were 17(12.6%), 48-72 hours were 6(4.4), over 72 hours were 4(3.0%). 4. Whether they went through other hospitals or not : pediatric patients who didn't go through other hospitals were 105(77.8%), pediatric patients who went through other hospitals were 30(22.2%). 5. Systemic distribution of diseases: Infectious diseases were 1(0.7%), Physique diseases were 4(3.0%), Digestive diseases were 73(54.1), Nervous also Mental diseases were 32(23.7%), Cardiovascular diseases were 2(1.5%), Skin disorders were 1(0.7%), Respiratory diseases were 22(16.3%). 6. Medical care : Acupuncture and moxibustion were 1(0.7%), moxibustion and medication were 1(0.7%), acupuncture, moxibustion and medication were 1(0.7%), venesection was 24(17.8% ), venesection and medication were 17(12.6%), consultation was 16(11.9%), medication was 44(32.6%), acupuncture was 3(2.2%), acupuncture and medication were 14(10.4%) and transferred out patients were 14(10.4%). 7. Revisit: revisit patients were 30(22.2%).

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.342-347
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• 1996

The changes of electromagnetic wave velocity in rock were monitored to investigate rock behaviors due to the drill & blasting excavations through georadar tomography during the construction of the underground rock laboratory (5 m wide, 6 m high, and 140 m long) at Mabuk-Ri, Goosung-Myun, Yongin-Si, Kyunggi-Do. Two horizontal boreholes spaced 1.4 m apart were drilled parallel to the test tunnel before excavating it, high-resolution crosshole georadar tomography with about 500 MHz electromagnetic waves was performed at pre-excavation phase (May, 1996) and post-excavation phase (August, 1996). The data were acquired with the combination of 34 sources and 44 receivers with space of 0.3 m. Only 11 continuous receivers were selectively utilized with one fixed source. Sampling interval was 0.4 ns and each trace has 512 samples. The first arrival of each trace was picked manually with a picking software. The total number of rays used in inversion amounted to 34x11 and the size of pixel was determined to be 0.3 m. As an inversion technique, SIRT(Simultaneous Iterative Reconstruction Technique) was applied in this study. The velocity of electromagnetic waves at post-excavation phase decreased as large as 15% in comparison with that at pre-excavation phase, which may be attributed to the creation of micro-cracks in rock due to excavations and saturation with groundwater. Small amount of borehole deviation made a critical effect in radar tomography. Totally different tomograms were created after borehole deviation corrections.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.63-70
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• 2008

This paper presents a method of PRI do-interleaving for LASER pulse signals. When the PRI of LASER pulse is periodically changed, the first deviation and the second deviation of TOA is used to calculate the PRI pattern of input LASER signals of receiver. If the standard deviation of the first difference of TOA is less than 5% of the average of the first difference of TOA, the PRI pattern of LASER signal is fixed or jittered type. If the standard deviation is larger than 5% of the average, those are triangular PRI patterns or sawtooth PRI patterns.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.1-15
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• 2010

Objectives: By analyzing data of pediatric patients who had visited the emergency room of an oriental medical hospital, we can understand their characteristics and diseases. The purpose of this study was to introduce the excellence of Oriental medicine, to develop various treatments and to revitalize pediatric emergency care at oriental medical hospital. Methods: The study was composed of 371 pediatric patients who had visited the emergency room of the $\bigcirc\bigcirc$ university oriental hospital from January 2008 to December 2009. Results: 1. Average age of the pediatric patients was 4.28 years old, and it has showed that 1 to 3 years old patients (36.7%) were the most common age. 2. The number of pediatric patients was increased in June. According to the weekly distribution data, the number of pediatric patients who had visited on Sunday was the most (29.1%). Also, the number of pediatric patients who had visited ER for 18 to 21 hours(35.6%) were the most common. 3. The major problems of hospitalization were digestive symptoms and nervous symptoms. The nervous symptoms were the most at infancy. The musculoskeletal symptoms were the most common in adolescence. The digestive symptoms were common in other stages of development. 4. The time interval between arrival and onset; within 6 hours were the most(48.0%). Acupuncture and herbal medication treatment(75.2%) were the most common medical treatments. Most of the pediatric patients(97.3%) were discharged after medical treatments. Conclusions: Pediatric patients who had visited emergency room at the oriental medical hospital were mostly not due to acute form of serious diseases. The most common disease states that have preferred to treat with oriental medicine were dyspepsia, crying, febrile fit, and ankle sprain. We have to introduce the excellence of oriental medicine, and we need to try to develop other treatments such as magnetic acupuncture, moxa therapy, aroma therapy and revitalize pediatric emergency care at oriental medical hospital.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.180-187
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• 2010

Purpose: The "golden hour" concept in trauma is pervasive despite little evidence to support it. This study addressed the association between prehospital time and in-hospital mortality in seriously injured abdominal trauma victims. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted over a three-year period from 2006 to 2008. We analyzed trauma victims with abdominal injuries who underwent an emergency laparotomy in a local emergency center located in a city with a population of 2,500,000. According to the 'golden hour' oncept, we separated the trauma victims into two groups (Gourp 1: prehospital time ${\leq}$ 1 hour, Group 2: prehospital time > 1hour) and investigated several factors, such as time, process, and outcome. Results: During the period from January 2006 to December 2008 139 trauma victims underwent an emergency laparotomy, and 89 of them were enrolled in this study. Between the two groups, emergency department (ED) access, transportation, and injury mechanism showed statistically meaningful differences, but no statistically meaningful differences were observed in various measures of the outcome, such as length of hospital stay, length of Intensive Care Unit stay, and mortality. In a univariate logistic regression study, age (odds ratio [OR]: 1.101; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.026 to 1.182), Revised Trauma Score (RTS) (OR: 0.444; 95% CI 0.278 to 0.710), hemoglobin (OR: 0.749; 95% CI: 0.585 to 0.960), and creatinine (OR: 24.584; 95% CI: 2.019 to 299.364) were significant prognostic factors, but prehospital time was not. In a multivariate logistic regression study, age and RTS were significant associated with mortality. Conclusion: In this study, we found no association between prehospital time and mortality among abdominal trauma patient who underwent an emergency laparotomy. We suggest that in our current out-of-hospital and emergency care system, until arrival at the hospital time may be less crucial for trauma victims than once thought.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.289-292
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• 2013

Through the use of a dual chamber (DDD) pacemaker, we achieved a cardiac resynchronization effect in a 51-year-old female patient who was transferred to our hospital from another hospital for an operation for three-vessel coronary artery disease. Her electrocardiogram showed a left bundle branch block (LBBB) and a prolonged QRS interval of 166 milliseconds. Severe left ventricle (LV) dysfunction was diagnosed via echocardiography. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) was then performed. In order to accelerate left atrial activation and reduce the conduction defect, DDD pacing using right atrial and left and right ventricular pacing wires was initiated postoperatively. The cardiac output was measured immediately, and one and twelve hours after arrival in the intensive care unit. The cardiac output changed from 2.8, 2.4, and 3.6 L/min without pacing to 3.5, 3.4, and 3.5 L/min on initiation of pacing. The biventricular synchronization using DDD pacing was turned off 18 hours after surgery. She was transferred to a general ward with a cardiac output of 3.9 L/min. In patients with coronary artery disease, severe LV dysfunction, and LBBB, cardiac resynchronization therapy can be achieved through DDD pacing after CABG.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.351-356
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• 2018

The aim of this study is to propose guidelines for bus-stop information design that is more congested with the advent of U-Shelter, via case studies and focus group interviews. First, the literature research explored the concept of information design and correlation of information design and route map. Second, raising problems and consider improvement plans through case study in korea, overseas. Finally, current information design was evaluated and user's requests were derived through focus group interview. The current information design had problems with lack of priority, information overlaying, and hard recognition. Priority shall be selected by bus route, direction of bus, arrival time, interval, and operating time, and information overlay can be reduced into one. Also visualize the connection and direction between the lines using schematic and two-dimensional lines and shapes for recognition. Through this study, it will be used as a reference material to help improve and develop the bus-stop information design.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.251-256
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• 1995

Opioids produce strong analgesic effect result with some side effects such as nausea, vomiting, urinary retention, somnolence, and respiratory depression. Nalbuphine, an agonist-antagonist has, at low doses, an analgesic potency comparable to morphine with little side effects. Analgesic effect after continuous infusion of fentanyl-ketorolac-droperidol, or $Nubain^{(R)}$-ketorolac-dropertiodl combination in Cesarean section patients were assessed by numerical rating scale (NRS) and Prince Hednry scale (PHS). The patients were divided into two groups. Each group consists of 30 patients. Group 1 received 20 ${\mu}g$ of fentanyl the end of surgery. And then continuously infused with additional 380${\mu}g$ of fentanyl plus 120 mg of ketorolac and 2.5 mg of droperidol. Group 2 initially received 2 mg of $Nubain^{(R)}$ at the end of surgery and the remaining dose of $Nubain^{(R)}$ 38 mg plus ketorolac 120 mg and droperidol 2.5 mg was continuously infused. With all patients, initial dose of drug was administered by bolus of i.v. injection and the remaining dose was administered via i.v. using a Baxter Two $Infusor^{(R)}$. Pain scores and side effects were recorded at the time of recovery room arrival, and at interval of 30 min, 1 hr, 6 hr, 14 hr, 24 hr, 48 hr after start of continuous infusion. No significant difference was found between the pain scores and side effects of both groups although pain control effect was excellent in both groups. We concluded that $Nubain^{(R)}$ could be an alternative to fentanyl for postoperative pain control.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.112-123
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• 2017

The accurate forecasting of the public transportation's transit and arrival time has become increasingly important as more people use buses and subways instead of personal vehicles under the government's public transportation promotion policy. Using bus management system (BMS) data, which provide information on the real-time bus location, operation interval, and operation history, it is now possible to analyze the bus schedule reliability. However, the punctuality should always be considered together with the operation safety. Therefore, this study suggests a new methodology to secure both reliability and safety using the BMS data. Unlike other studies, we calculated the bus travel time between two bus stops by dividing the total travel length into 6 sections using 5 different measuring points. In addition, the optimal travel time for each bus route was proposed by analyzing the mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation of the each section's measurement. This will ensure the reliability, safety and mobility of the bus operation.

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.549-552
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• 2015

The galactic magnetic field (GMF) and the intergalactic magnetic field (IGMF) affect the propagation of ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) from the source to us. Here we examine the influences of the GMF/IGFM and the dependence of their sky distribution on galactic latitude, b. We analyze the correlation between the arrival direction (AD) of UHECRs observed by the Pierre Auger Observatory and the large-scale structure of the universe in regions of sky divided by b. Specifically, we compare the AD distribution of observed UHECRs to that of mock UHECRs generated from a source model constructed with active galactic nuclei. Our source model has the smearing angle as a free parameter that reflects the deflection angle of UHECRs from the source. The results show that larger smearing angles are required for the observed distribution of UHECRs in lower galactic latitude regions. We obtain, for instance, a $1{\sigma}$ credible interval for smearing angle of $0^{\circ}{\leq}{\theta}_s{\leq}72^{\circ}$ at high galactic latitudes, $60^{\circ}$ < $\left|{b}\right|{\leq}90^{\circ}$, and of $75^{\circ}{\leq}{\theta}_s{\leq}180^{\circ}$, $-30^{\circ}{\leq}b{\leq}30^{\circ}$, at low galactic latitudes, respectively. The results show that the influence of the GMF is stronger than that of the IGMF. In addition, we can estimate the strength of GMFs by these values; if we assume that UHECRs would have heavier nuclei, the estimated strengths of GMF are consistent with the observational value of a few ${\mu}G$. More data from the future experiments may make UHECR astronomy possible.