• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.145-155
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• 2009

This paper compares the relative performances of area and cordon tolls as opposed to the first-best congestion tolls with respect to alleviation of traffic congestion and social welfare. The comparison is done in the monocentric city where all the jobs are located at the city center. The study shows that the size of charging zones is similar in the two second-bests, but that the optimal toll level is higher in area pricing than in cordon pricing. Area pricing schemes turn out to perform better than cordon pricing schemes as measured by average speeds and daily average travel time. Accordingly, the former is shown to increase the social welfare more than the latter. In the case of the cordon tolls, the residents at the charging zones are exempted from the tolls. In this way, cordon tolls invite people into the most congested areas over the optimal level while partially negating the whole spirit of the congestion tolls.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.1-14
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• 2012

This paper has investigated the unreasonable pricing system for container cargo with special reference to inland transport since it is determined by administrative boundary without considering travelling distance. This research is primarily intended to improve the current pricing system by introducing a pricing support system about the container cargo in the country which applies GIS service area analysis to transportation data. Price simulation maps were generated to find out reasonable pricing strategy. Pricing alternative integrating travelling distance into administrative zoning brings about more desirable results than individual driving cost alone. The research can contribute to more reasonable pricing for the fuel consumption expense and serve as useful instruments for planning pricing system for container cargo. It is anticipated that this research output could be used as a valuable reference to increase the scientific and objective pricing for container cargo by overcoming serious constraints suffered from the past non-GIS-based approach.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.8
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• pp.33-40
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• 2020

The main aim of the study is to test a house pricing model by combining hedonic and asset-based pricing models. An understanding of the relationship between house pricing and its return (the rental income) helps to establish houses as a significant asset class. The model tested the relationship between house pricing (dependent variable) and the house attributes (independent variables) derived from Freeman's framework of housing attributes. This study uses a large data-set of 1,899 sample of new, high-end houses purchased between 2016 and 2019 collected from the national capital region of India (Delhi-NCR). The algorithm was built in R-Script, and stepwise multiple linear regression was used to analyze the model. The analysis of the model proves that the three significant variables, namely, carpet area, pay-off, and annual maintenance charges explain the price function. Further, the model is statistically fit. The major contribution of the study is to understand the key factors and their influence on the house pricing. The model will be helpful in risk assessment in the housing investment and enhance the chances of investment. Policy-makers can use information about the underlying valuation drivers of the house prices to stabilize the market and also in framing the tax policies.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.12
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• pp.183-189
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• 2021

Transfer pricing is a matter of concern for countries. It affects the interests of the parties involved in the commercial transaction. Through manipulation of prices in transactions, businesses take advantage of tax rates in a country to adjust profits for economic gain. This affects the fairness and rationality of economic transactions between related parties. The article uses a two-year time series from 2018 to 2019 of 50 foreign direct investment enterprises in Vietnam. The article uses ordinary least squares to test the hypotheses of the research model. The article uses four independent variables related to ownership structure affecting transfer pricing decisions including total ownership, organization ownership, concentration ownership, and area ownership. Research results show that two variables have a positive influence on transfer pricing decisions including total ownership and organization ownership. Organization ownership has a higher degree of influence than total ownership. To be able to control transaction activities related to transfer pricing, Vietnam's state management agencies need to pay attention to perfecting the legal framework based on supplementing and amending regulations related to transfer pricing. Legal regulations need to be regulated based on international common practices to ensure uniformity on a global scale.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.5D
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• pp.649-654
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• 2008

In the definition of non additive path, the sum of travel costs of links making up the path is not equal to the path cost. There are a variety of cases that non-additivity assumption does not hold in transportation fields. Nonetheless, traffic equilibrium models are generally built up on the fundamental hypothesis of additivity assumption. In this case traffic equilibrium models are only applicable within restrictive conditions of the path cost being linear functions of link cost. Area-wide road pricing is known as an example of realistic transportation situations, which violates such additivity assumption. Because travel fare is charged at the moment of driver's passing by exit gate while identified at entry gate, it may not be added linearly proportional to link costs. This research proposes a novel Wordrop type of traffic equilibrium model in terms of area-wide road pricing schemes. It introduces binary indicator variable for the sake of transforming non-additive path cost to additive. Since conventional shortest path and Frank-Wolfe algorithm can be applied without route enumeration and network representation is not required, it can be recognized more generalized model compared to the pre-proposed approaches. Theoretical proofs and case studies are demonstrated.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2005

Congestion control is an important research area in computer network. In this paper, I provided strategy of congestion pricing with differentiated services. And, suggested forecasting model of access that considered differentiated pricing, delay time, satisfaction using logistic regression. In a forecasting model of access with logistic regression technique, it is shown that coefficient of determination using suggested model is $70.7\%$.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.25 no.1A
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• pp.64-73
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• 2000

Since so many potentials of services, applications, marketing and regulation, it is difficult to decide the fair pricing scheme of network services. However, these considerations are not particular to the operation of a communications network, which is closely related to technological constraints for QoS guarantee. In this paper, the power spectral analysis of MPEG video based on the P-MMBBP model is discussed in the manner of the QoS degradation to the packet delay. As a consequence of the QoS-degradation, a new fair-pricing scheme with the discount factor is proposed. As a result, the proposed scheme shows good characteristics to guarantee the fairness of the charging in the Internet wide-area network.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.55-69
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• 2014

Purpose - Despite the importance of price, many companies do not implement pricing policies smoothly, because typical price management strategies insufficiently consider logistics efficiency and an increase in logistics costs due to logistics waste. This study attempts to examine the effect of product line pricing, which corresponds to product mix pricing, on logistics efficiency in the case of manufacturer A, and analyzes how logistics performance changes in response to these variables. Research design, data, and methodology - This study, based on the case of manufacturer A, involved research through understanding the current status, analyses, and then proposing improvement measures. Among all the products of manufacturer A, product group B was selected as the research object, and its distribution channel and line pricing were examined. As a result of simulation, for products with low loading efficiency, improvement measures such as changing the number of bags in the box were suggested, and a quantitative analysis was conducted on how these measures influence logistics costs. The TOPS program was used for the Pallet loading efficiency simulation tool in this study. To prevent products from protruding out of the pallet, the maximum measurement was set as 0.0mm, and loading efficiency was based on the pallet area, and not volume. In other words, its size (length x width) was focused upon, following the purpose of this study and, then, the results were obtained. Results - As a result of the loading efficiency simulation, when the number of bags in the box was changed for 36 products with low average loading efficiency of 73.7%, as shown in