• KOMUNHWA
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• no.70
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• pp.35-62
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• 2007

Songguk-ri site gained academic recognition by the excavation of stone coffin tomb with a bronze dagger in 1974. And it is confirmed that this site is epoch-making in Korean bronze age through the following excavation started in 1975. But the excavation reports published until now do not have even overall view of this site, thus it is difficult to get the whole picture of this site. Thus, in this paper the author reexamined all reports on this site and by making the map of overall view and distribution of archaeological features as a basic research. Moreover, I analyzed also artifacts from this site, and compared with the recent papers written by other researchers about the chronology and character. Songguk-ri site has livelihood domain which consists of dwelling pits, attached features, storage pits, pot-firing features, wood fence, abatises, buildings above ground, as well as cemetery which consists of stone-coffins, jar-coffins, pit tombs. Trace of making large terrace was also excavated. These features seem to belong to the same archaeological stage, dated about B.C.850-550, according to C14 dating. On the other hand, the intensification of wet-rice cultivation made this group more productive. Based on this financial strength, some influential group emerged they constructed defensive settlement to protect their products safely. Besides it seems that there were frequent occurrence of conflicts. However, we can know that they kept their stable life, through the expansion of living space. Consequently, Songguk-ri site played a role of the summit among some settlement in this area.

• SUVANNABHUMI
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.157-186
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• 2015

Sittaung-Thanlwin region in Lower Myanmar is an ecological niche for human settlement. Evidences of human activities in the region are seen through various archaeological sites or settlements along the coastal area between the rivers Sittaung and Thanlwin (Salween). In Lower Myanmar, scholar, U Aung Myint, discovered one major site Kyaikkatha and other small scale sites, namely, Sittaung, Kawhtin, Kadaikgyi, Kadaikkalay, Katkadit, Kelatha (little Zothoke), Ayetthama, Winka, Zothoke (big Zothoke), Lagonbyi (Sampannago), Wagaru, Laming and Ye in present day Mon State. In 1980, U Aung Myint undertook an exploration program at Kyaikkatha. After the exploration, an excavation team conducted systematic digging at Kyaikkatha in March 1986. Excavation continued occasionally at Kyaikkatha throughout the years between 1995 and 2000. It is known that Kyaikkatha, the old city, reveals a kind of monumental civilization exposing four religious structures (a stupa and three monasteries). This essay looks into the distribution of features within Kyaikkatha and infers on its social, political, and religious organization. This essay is also about a new discovery of an early urban settlement located at the apex of the Gulf of Muttama (Martaban) where a lost city of Suvannahumi flourished in the ancient days. By means of aerial photographic observations, the site had been noticed recently, which was by followed some excavations. More systematic and detail surveying may be needed to know more about the site and its features for comparison to other similar settlements of through-out mainland South East Asia.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2015

Gyeongju, Silla capital, hasn't paid much attention to a value of fortress as advanced frame of landscape all the while. All have done until now were maintaining lots of fortress including Gyeongju and setting night landscape lighting for them or building a trail in mountain fortress. Hereupon, this study tried to take a look at historical and scenic value of fortress, landscape frame of Gyeongju-Silla capital, based on Wolseong and Myeonghwalseong and find the way to contribute to it on landscape architectural level. As Wolseong(月城) and Myeonghwalseong(明活城) functioned as royal palace in Silla Dynasty, they need some research and study on fortress inside in detail rather than restoring them by simply maintaining the shapes. While Wolseong has overall excavation investigation going on, Myeonghwalseong representing mountain fortress area is losing its value due to unbefitting management to a title of world heritage. If conducting close research and study on these remains, it seems like it could contribute a lot to landscape architectural research of Silla royal palace through tracks, which will be used as royal palace. Here I suggest research direction on landscape architectural level about fortress remains in Gyeongju area as followings. Firstly, away from all research focusing on fortress shape, consecration way, etc, we need to conduct a research comprisable of inner space of fortress. As Wolseong and Myeonghwalseong functioned as royal palace in Silla Dynasty, it'll be possible to research about ponds, Nu-Jeong(樓亭), drainage facilities, oddly shaped stones, moundings, pavements, circulation systems, planting traces, etc. For this, we need to research and study through comparison with cases of China, Japan and Goguryeo of the same age. Secondly, applying garden archaeological way is possible to translate objectively regarding research of ancient garden with low literature record. But attainable achievement and information will be limited if implementing excavation based on archaeology as excavations so far regarding excavation investigation of Wolseong. The alternative to such problem is participation plan of landscaping field through the foundation of garden archaeology. We might be able to attain many results on landscape architectural level from research, if conducting research and study about Silla capital including Wolseong by applying garden archaeology such as collection of environmental sample and discovery and analysis of remains through aerial photograph, archaeological research, analysis of historical building, surface exploration, excavation technique, analysis of soil and flowerpot, etc. For this, many people majored in landscape architecture need to try and acquire archaeological knowledge. Also, we need to call attention to internal garden archaeology through international academic symposium by inviting global experts in garden archaeology field. I've suggested the study of location of Wolseong and Silla fortress in Gyeongju area, plan research on using and treating trees about the space in and out of fortress and landscape architectural research direction of Wolseong fortress.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.38
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• pp.57-64
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to examine house and interior design during the Georgian Period in England. The results of this study were as follows: 1. Typical houses during the Georgian Period were generally two types that one was a single detached house in the country and the other was a terrace houses in the city. 2. Both the houses and their interior design during the Georgian Period were influenced by Classicism and Palladianism. The distinction of forms and the decorations used motifs originating from Greece and Rome. Gradually, It had been changed by the influence of Rococo from Europe and the archaeological excavation of Pompeii and Herculaneum. 3. The facade of house used simpe, plain and symmetrical forms. Entrance was usually in the center of the house around sash windows. Also, the Inside of house, division of walls, arrangement of furnitures and decorations of details were followed the symmetrical forms. Finally, it was found that the distinctions represent the typical style of Georgian in England.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.35-42
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• 2017

The Yeongheungdo shipwreck was excavated in the sea of Seomeopbeol, Ongjin-gun, Incheon, Korea. Chemical characterization of timbers from the shipwreck occurred via maximum moisture content, chemical composition, FT-IR, solid state $^{13}C$ NMR, and XRD analyses. As maximum moisture content of the outer part of the timbers averaged 623%, a phenomenon in that lignin increased relatively, according to the decrease in cellulose, and the ash content increased, which is typical of waterlogged archaeological wood was shown. The results from the FT-IR and solid state $^{13}C$ NMR analyses showed that the cellulose band of the outer part had disappeared or had remarkably decreased. In addition, the bands assigned to lignin dramatically increased. However, regarding the inner part of the timbers, hemicellulose and some crystalline cellulose and amorphous cellulose bands decreased. Therefore, a large difference exists between the degradation levels of the outer and inner parts of the timbers of the Yeongheungdo shipwreck.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.180-207
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• 2010

Technological innovations in the 21th Century greatly change the society. The radical advance in computer science brought changes and increased efficiency into society in general. The field of archaeology is also highly influenced and attempts to improve previous manually conducted field survey and research have been actively made. In order to supplement incomplete data set from archaeological excavation, the ways to use computer have been highly explored. GIS is one of them. However, use of GIS has been limited to document locations and to produce distribution map of features using digital map. There are no proper guides to employ GIS for academic research, so that it is hard for beginners to learn how to make use of GIS. In this paper, functions of GIS are introduced even for beginners, including definition of GIS and its archaeological use. It is also explained how to get DEM from digital map to do spatial pattern analysis. Various GIS special pattern analyses using DEM and 3D simulation are presented, as well.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.258-271
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• 2019

Recent changes in inter-Korean relations have encouraged South Korean archaeologists' interest in northern cultural heritage and their desire to conduct research. However, it is doubtful how much the South Korea really knows about the cultural ruins in North Korea and the cultural ruins to be found in the DMZ. In Korea, research data on the Japanese colonial period is scattered amongst national institutions and it is not possible to to collect, identify and document the data available in each institution. Typically, the data of Keiichi Ogawa(小川敬吉) is difficult to understand in its printed from. In addition, Ogawa has collected data from several national government agencies, and work is underway to collect architectural data and construct digital archives. This situation will not occur if we publish the data collected so far in digital form. Therefore, there is an urgent need to fully disclose the data related to Cheolwon which is owned by national institutions. If this data is analyzed, sufficient archaeological information can be obtained without excavation. On the other hand, one must wonder if the whole landscape of Cheolwon castle of Taebongguk cand be understood by investigating the interior of Cheolwon castle. This effort should be preceded by a survey on the ruins and the remains of the southern part of the southern boundary line. Rapid development and large-scale arrangement of cultivated land are likely to make it difficult to restore the external landscape related to the tillage demand that is required by the current situation. In the process of restoration of the actual Gyeongwon Line, it has been confirmed that serious irregularity has caused damage and the landscape has been transformed. In order to minimize these risks, it is urgent that we investigate the relics scattered in the southern part of the country, and not devote ourselves to the investigation of Cheolwon. In this regard, how much military, roads, excavation and archaeologists are prepared, centered on Cheolwon and scenery is an important question. I am curious as to how much preparation is provided to the Chulwon-gun and Gangwon-do in terms of administrative assistance, and how much archaeologists and excavation agencies are aware of the archaeological information of the inside and the southern part of the DMZ. Furthermore, how long have people been aware of the archaeological remains on the North Korean side? In order for da iscussion on Cheolwon and scenery to progress, it is necessary to carry out a precise investigation and accumulation of data on the remains in South Korea.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.63-84
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• 2022

One of the ancient nomadic cultures, the Saka is generally regarded as an important intermediary in the ancient Eurasian cultural network. This study is the reinterpretation of the excavations conducted on the Katartobe tombs site of the Saka culture through a joint three-year-long project by the National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage in Korea in collaboration with the Cultural Heritage Research Institute under the National Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The main discussion of the study deals with the burial rituals performed by the community who built the Katartobe tombs by the comparison and review of the various researches on the Saka tombs based on the archaeological artifacts discovered during excavation. The research has shown that the Saka tribes maintained the tradition of burying domesticated animals, such as horses, with its owner and performed burial rituals which often involved the use of fire. The archaeological remains of the Saka also show that the burial rituals like these formed the key aspect of their cultural heritage. The archaeological discoveries also show that the Saka mourners built wooden cists under a single mound when they needed to bury multiple corpses at once and sustained the practice of excarnation when burying the bodies of those who died in the different periods of time. Some burials included a tomb passage which was used not only for carrying the deceased but also for a separate burial ritual. The main discussion of this study also deals with the remnants of bones of animals buried with their deceased owners in the same kurgan, as well as the animal species and their locations in the kurgan, resulting in the discovery of diverse meanings connected with them. The pottery buried in the tombs were largely ceremonial offering vessels, just like others excavated at nearby Saka tombs and located around the buried corpse's head facing toward the west. The excavation of the tombs also shows that two vessels were arranged at the corners of the coffin where the feet are located, revealing the characteristic features of the burial practices maintained by the tribe who built the Katartobe tombs. It may be too early to come to a definite conclusion on the burial practices of the Saka due to the relative lack of research on the kurgans across Central Asia. Excavations so far show that the kurgans clustered in a single archaeological site tend to display differences as well as uniformities. In conclusion, the ancient Central Asian tombs need more detailed surveys and researches to be able to make strides in an effort to restore the cultural heritage of the ancient Central Asian tribes who played a crucial role in the Eurasian cultural landscape.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.38-61
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• 2019

Up until the early twentieth century in Germany, there were two research trends: 1) emphasizing objectives and making detailed observations of archaeological artifacts and sites, 2) tracing the remains of specific nations or ethnic groups and defining their temporal-spatial boundaries by conducting research on material culture in terms of nationalism or ethnocentrism. After the Second World War ended and Germany was divided, West German archaeology focused on observations of artifacts and sites, cataloging them, and doing research on chronology and distribution following their own traditional methodologies. East German archaeology attempted to prove the developing process of history and its Marxist principles based upon material culture and to examine the historic value of inherent specific cultural heritage based on criteria regarding how it corresponded to socialism and contributed to the development of socialism. Nevertheless, East and West German archaeology shared traditional archaeological methods inherited from German archaeology since the nineteenth century, and contact between archaeologists in West and East Germany continued to a degree. Furthermore, East German archaeology produced significant archaeological achievements acknowledged by West German and European archaeologists. These facts provided the momentum to complete rapid incorporation of the archaeologies of West and East Germany in spite of a one-sided process imposed by West German archaeology. In the case of Korea, it seems necessary to make an effort to share common research history and traditions and to encourage mutual academic exchange (e.g. joint excavation and archaeological research). Furthermore, it is also imperative to have open-minded attitudes toward accepting substantial results and interpretations achieved by North Korean archaeologists under scrutiny when and where necessary, despite seeming to have been fossilized by Marxism and Juche ideology. Any efforts to narrow the gap in archaeological research and conservation of cultural heritage between the archaeologies of South and North Korea should be made immediately. The case of Germany demonstrates how such a project could proceed efficaciously.

• Journal of the Korean Geophysical Society
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.175-184
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• 2000

A nondestructive experimental feasibility study was conducted using magnetometer to find buried cultural objects at pottery and steel matters in low-relief mountaineous area of Doojeong-dong, Cheonan, Chungnam Province from May 23 to July 18, 1998. Magnetic survey was carried out with $20cm{\times}20cm$ grid in a site of $20m{\times}40m$ before excavation, and the distribution of magnetic anomalies was compared with the results of excavation. Magnetic sensor was located on the surface of ground during the magnetic survey on the basis of an experimental result. Positive magnetic anomalies of maximum 130 nT are found over a pair of potteries. Magnetic anomaly map reveals several anomalous points in the 1st and 4th quadrants of the survey site, from where potteries and their fragments were confirmed. Six points out of seven points cprrelated with magnetic anomaly are found contain earthwares, whereas a magnetically uncorrelated location produced earthware made of unbaked clay. Steel waste such as cans and wires hidden in soil and bushes also influenced magnetic anomalies. Therefore, it is better to remove such steel wastes prior to magnetic survey if possible. Some magnetically anomalous points produced no archaeological object on excavation. This may be explained by shallower level of excavation than burial depth.