• 한국도서관정보학회지
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• 제13권
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• pp.85-111
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• 1986

Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) was first published in 1876. Since its first edition it has been revised, on an average, 6 years, and now it has become the widely used library classification system of which the scheme was translated in various languages. The purpose of this study is to find out the chief causes for the development of the DDC. The results of the study can be summarized as follows: 1. It allows materials to be shelved in a relative location as the collection expands. before the DDC was introduced, libraries used a fixed location for materials in which each item was assigned to a certain location set aside for a subject. 2. It is a practical system. The fact that it has survived many storms in the past hundred years and is still the most widely used classification scheme in the world today attests to its practical value. 3. The pure notation of arabic numerals is universally recognizable. People from any cultural or language background can adapt to the system easily. 4. The use of the decimal system enable infinite expansion and sub-division. And it has adaptability for use in libraries of various size and kinds because of its hierarchically expressive notation which permits varying degrees of inclusiveness and exclusiveness within its decimal structure. 5. The notation is simple and easily understood. The self-evident numerical sequence facilitates filing and shelving. And the mnemonic nature of the notation helps the readers to memorize and recognize the class numbers. 6. The relative index brings together different aspects of the same subject scattered in different disciplines. 7. We can avail of DDC numbers for specific titles easily because of its use by many central bibliographic services. 8. It is being continuously revised by a permanent office established in the library of congress in 1933. This office has been responsible for editing all editions of the DDC since the 16th (1958). And the periodic revision at regular intervals ensures the currentness of the scheme. 9. It has adaptability both for conventional (manual) shelf or classed catalogue analysis and also, through its meaningful nation, for retrieval through mechanization and computerized systems.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.434-441
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 빅데이터 분석기법을 이용하여 트위터 이용자들을 대상으로 언어에 따른 자기노출과 경계불투과성에 대한 양상을 파악하였다. 6개월 동안 5천4백만 명의 트위터 이용자가 작성한 4억여 개의 트윗을 수집하였으며, 이들 중 트윗 수 상위 10개 언어권 이용자의 프로파일 및 관련 데이터를 조사하였다. 이를 통해 트위터 이용자의 언어가 이용자 프로파일, 프로파일 이미지, 지리정보, URL, 사용자 설명 등 자기정보 공개 항목의 공개비율과 경계불투과성에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 분석결과, 경계 불투과성과 자기노출 비율(프로파일, 프로파일 이미지, URL, 이용자 설명, 지리정보)은 언어권에 따라 각각 통계적으로 유의한(p<0.001) 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 자기노출 비율과 평균 점수는 포르투갈어, 인도네시아어 및 스페인어 이용자가 아랍어, 일본어, 터키어, 한국어 이용자에 비해 높은 것으로 파악되었다. 또한 리트윗을 포함한 트윗 수가 많은 이용자일수록 경계 불투과성이 높아지는 것으로 나타났다.

• 국제지역연구
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.395-420
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• 2009

본 논문에서는 탄자니아의 스와힐리 정체성이 국가정체성과 동일시되는 포용적 성격을 지니고 있다는 관점에서 출발한다. 탄자니아에서 국가정체성은 하위민족정체성에 우선한다. 따라서 탄자니아 내부의 다양한 하위민족정체성은 '탄자니아인' 또는 '스와힐리인'과 동일시된다. 이는 탄자니아 국민이 아닌 외부 이주민의 경우에도 해당된다. 본 논문에서는 이처럼 탄자니아에 이주 정착한 비 스와힐리 인이 문화 모방과 사회적 담론을 통해 스와힐리 정체재생산하는 과정을 살펴보는데 목적을 둔다. 이를 통해 본 논문에서는 스와힐리 사회가 역사적으로 단일정체성 형성을 허락하지 않았다는 관점에서 그 동안 학계의 중론이었던 스와힐리 단일기원설을 비판한다. 이와 함께 스와힐리 사회는 끊임없는 민족이동과 문화교류를 통해 점진적으로 형성되어 온 복합사회이며 다층적 담론을 통해 스와힐리 정체성이 형성되어 왔다는 점을 살펴본다.

• 방송공학회논문지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.247-259
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• 2000

본 논문은 움직임 벡터의 높은 시$\cdot$공간 상관도 정보를 이용하여 계산량을 줄이면서 움직임 추정의 정확도를 높일 수 있는 새로운 블럭 정합 움직임 추정 방식을 제안한다. 제안된 방식은 기존의 고속 움직임 추정 방식들이 이용하는 탐색 영역내의 일관된 첫 번째 탐색 위치에서 움직임 벡터를 찾는 것이 아니라 움직임 벡터의 높은 시$\cdot$공간 상관도 정보를 이용하여 보다 정확한 탐색영역을 찾아 탐색 영역을 보정함으로써 보다 정확한 첫번째 탐색 위치를 중심으로 움직임 벡터를 탐색한다. 즉, 본 논문에서 제안하는 방식의 핵심은 움직임 추정의 정확도를 높이기 위해서 보다 정확한 첫번째 탐색 위치를 찾는 것이다. 따라서 움직임 벡터의 시간적인 상관성을 이용하기 위해서 현재 프레임 블럭과 같은 좌표를 갖는 이전 프레임 블럭의 방향성을 조사한다. 또한 공간적인 상관성을 이용하기 위해서 현재 프레임내의 이웃 블럭들의 방향성을 조사한다. 이러한 블럭들이 갖는 방향성을 바탕으로 움직임 추정을 위한 첫번째 탐색 위치를 결정하게 되고 그 위치를 중심으로 일정한 탐색 패턴에 따라 움직임 벡터를 탐색하는 방식이다. 실험 결과 제안된 방식은 기존의 대표적인 고속 탐색 방식들에 비해 PSNR (Peak-to-Signal Noise Ratio) 값에 있어서 평균적으로 1.7dB 개선되고 영상에 따라 최고 3.6dB 정도 우수한 결과를 나타낸다. 또한 탐색 횟수에서는 기존의 대표적인 고속탐색 알고리즘인 3단계 탐색 알고리즘 (Three-step search algorithm) 보다 평균 50% 이상을 줄일 수 있었고, 정확한 움직임 벡터를 찾는 비교에 있어서도 월등히 우수한 결과를 나타내었다. 또한 제안된 방식은 정량적인 결과뿐만 아니라 부호화 후 복호화한 영상의 화질에 있어서도 다른 고속 탐색 알고리즘 보다 월등히 우수한 화질을 제공한다. 및 상품과율 등이 모두 10:0 양액보다 높게 나타났다. 식물체내의 무기성분은 8:2의 경우 K+ 및 Mg2+는 잎에서 Ca2+은 뿌리에서 많았으며 PO4-은 과실과 줄기에서 많았다. 10:0에서의 무기성분도 8:2에서와 같은 경향을 나타내었으며, 배지간에 무기성분의 차이는 인정되지 않았다. 양액조성에 따른 무기성분 함량의 차이는 K+, Ca2+ 및 Mg2+는 10:0에서, PO4-은 8:2에서 각각 많았다.uage. The major language of calligraphy pattern was Arabic script and often Persian script. Calligraphy pattern was composed of Kufic and Cursive script. The cursive script was developed various forms. The Islamic tenet prohibit depiction of sacred images, the sacred Arabic calligraphy such as ′Alla′ or ′Mohammad′ was substituted of them. And the content of calligraphy pattern was used with Quranic phrases. The aesthetics of Islamic patterns analyzed aesthetic of ′rhythmic lines′, aesthetic of ′unity in multiplicity′, aesthetic of tessellation and aesthetic of harmony. On the textiles of the Islamic culture, the arabesque, floral, geometric and calligraphy patterns were frequently used.의 증가를 나타냈다.". And the

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.3483-3487
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• 2016

Background: Cigarette smoking is one of the leading causes of death in the world. Tobacco consumption has grave negative consequences for health so that it is important to understand the reasons and motivations towards cigarette smoking and barriers against quitting smoking among the young generation for developing effective policies to control this widespread problem. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional survey was carried out at the Faculty of Medicine, Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. A total of 438 young smokers participated from the University and the general population. Data were collected through anonymous, self-administered questionnaires in the Arabic language that contained questions about the reasons and motivations towards cigarette smoking and barriers against quitting smoking. The questionnaire also contained several questions regarding knowledge and attitude of the participants towards cigarette smoking. The data was analyzed on SPSS-16. Results: The mean age of the respondents was $22.9{\pm}3.48$, out of 438 subjects 87 (19.9%) were married, and 351 (80.1%) were unmarried, and 331 (75.6%) belonged to urban areas while 107 (24.5%) were from the rural areas. Responding to a question about a number of cigarettes smoked per day, 31% answered 11-20, 29% answered 21-30, and 25% answered 1-10. Questioned about smokers in the family, 34.5% responded more than one, with 19% for brother and 13% for father. About the reasons for not quitting smoking, 26% described lack of willpower, 25% had no reason, 22% said that people around me smoke, and 15.3% responded stress at home/work. The major motivation for smokers was smoker friends (42%), for 33.8% others, for 12% father/brother and 7.8% media. Conclusions: There are several avoidable and preventable reasons and barriers against quitting smoking. However, knowledge and attitude about smoking were good, and the majority of the smokers were well aware of the associated hazards. Therefore, there is a need to search out ways and means to help them to quit this addiction.

• 천문학회보
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.95-95
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• 2012

Constellations are formed of bright stars which appear close to each other on the sky, but are really far apart in space. The shapes you see all depend on your point of view. Back before people had televisions and electricity to light their homes at night, they spent a lot more time looking at the stars. People all over the world used their imaginations to draw pictures in the sky, as if it were a giant connect-the-dot game. The patterns they imagined are called constellations. People usually saw patterns that reflected their different cultures. Native Americans in North America imagined many animals and shapes from the natural world. The ancient Greeks found images of gods and goddesses in the stars. Sometimes people from very different parts of the world even imagined the same animal or shape in the same stars. Most of the constellations we recognize today were made up by the ancient Greeks around 6,000 years ago. Different constellations are visible at different times of year, so the first appearance of these patterns told farmers of the changing seasons and reminded them to plant or harvest their crops. The constellations also help us to find our way around the night sky and to remember which stars are which. The star names we use today are mostly from Greek and Arabic, but many are changed a bit from the original, as often happens when words are passed from one language to another. It can be difficult to picture just what those folks long ago were seeing in the stars, so don't be discouraged if you have trouble seeing their patterns. You can even make up your own! In ancient world all the countries or regions had their own way to name things up in the sky, make up stories and draw different shapes for constellations. Today there are 88 official constellations, but you may find that different books show their stars connected in slightly different ways. The official constellations are specific regions of the sky, so the exact patterns are not all that important. However in various cultures there are some famous star patterns that use stars from only apart of a constellation, or even connect stars from different constellations. These patterns of stars that are not official constellations are called asterisms. The Big Dipper is a very famous asterism, found in the constellation Ursa Major, or Great Bear.