• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.20-37
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• 2010

Purpose: The objective of this study was to observe the antibacterial effects of Sasangjasaebang (SSJSB) aqueous extracts, traditionally used for treating various gynecological diseases including vaginitis in Korea and their individual components - Cnidi Fructus(CF), Zanthoxyli Fructus(ZF) and Alumen(AL) against Gardnerella vaginalis ATCC14018, and combination effects of SSJSB extracts and Metronidazole were also monitored in this study. Methods: Antibacterial activities against Gardnerella vaginalis ATCC14018 of SSJSB (CF : ZF : AL = 10 : 3 : 3) aqueous extracts and their individual components were detected using standard agar microdilution methods. In addition, the effects on the bacterial growth curve were also monitored at MIC and $MIC{\times}2$ levels. The combination effects of SSJSB aqueous extracts and Metronidazole were observed by Checkboard Microtiter Assay and effects on bacterial growth curve treated with SSJSB aqueous extracts MIC + Metronidazole MIC, 1/2MIC and 1/4MIC, respectively. In the present study, Gardnerella vaginalis ATCC14018 were incubated under $37^{\circ}C$, 10% CO2 and bacterial growth curves were calculated at 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hrs after incubations. Results: MIC of CF aqueous extracts, ZF aqueous extracts, AL powders and SSJSB aqueous extracts against Gardnerella vaginalis ATCC14018 were detected as $27.5\;{\pm}\;13.693$(12.5~50), $6.875\;{\pm}\;3.423$(3.125~12.5), $4.375\;{\pm}\;1.713$(3.125~6.25) and $2.188\;{\pm}\;0.856(1.563{\sim}3.125)mg/m{\ell}$, respectively. MIC of Metronidazole was detected as $7.6\;{\pm}\;5.367(2{\sim}16){\mu}g/m{\ell}$ at same conditions. In addition, Metronidazole, CF aqueous extracts, ZF aqueous extracts, AL powders, and SSJSB aqueous extracts showed marked dosage-dependent inhibition of bacterial growth, and more dramatical inhibitions were detected in Metronidazole 1/2 MIC + SSJSB aqueous extracts MIC treatment as compared with each of single Metronidazole MIC and SSJSB aqueous extracts MIC treatments, respectively. Especially, quite similar inhibitory effects on bacterial growth were detected in Metronidazole 1/4 MIC + SSJSB aqueous extracts MIC treatment as compared with single Metronidazole MIC treatment in the present study. FIC index were detected as $0.475\;{\pm}\;0.137$(0.375~0.625) at Checkboard Microtiter Assay. Conclusion: The results obtained in this study suggest that CF aqueous extracts, ZF aqueous extracts, AL powders, and SSJSB aqueous extracts showed antibacterial effects against Gardnerella vaginalis ATCC14018, and they also showed dosage-dependent inhibitory effects on the bacterial growth. More potent antibacterial effects were detected in SSJSB aqueous extract as compared with individual components, respectively. In addition, combination treatment of SSJSB aqueous extract and Metronidazole showed more potent inhibitory effects on the growth of Gardnerella vaginalis with FIC index $0.475\;{\pm}\;0.137$(0.375~0.625). According to these results, the combination of SSJSB aqueous extract and Metronidazole is synergistic, and it is expected that effective dosages of Metronidazole could be reduced to 1/4 levels in combination with SSJSB extracts. And it might be needed to make further studies to seek the herbs which have antibacterial effects on the Gardnerella vaginalis ATCC14018.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.1-12
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• 2011

Objectives: The object of this study was to observe the in vitro antibacterial effects of Chungdae-tang aqueous extracts, traditionally used for treating various gynecological diseases including vaginitis in Korea against Gardnerella vaginalis, and combination effects of Chungdae-tang extracts with Clindamycin were also monitored in this study. Methods: Antibacterial activities against Gardnerella vaginalis of Chungdae-tang aqueous extracts were detected using standard agar microdilution methods. In addition, the effects on the bacterial growth curve were also monitored at MIC and MIC${\times}$2 levels. The combination effects of Chungdae-tang aqueous extracts with Clindamycin were observed by Checkerboard microtiter assay, and the effects of bacterial growth curve treated with or Chungdae-tang aqueous extracts MIC+Clindamycin MIC, 1/2MIC and 1/4MIC, respectively. In the present study, Gardnerella vaginalis were incubated under $37^{\circ}C$, 10% $CO_2$; and bacterial growth curves were calculated at 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120hrs after incubations. Results: MIC of Chungdae-tang aqueous extracts against Gardnerella vaginalis were detected as $3.906{\pm}2.344$(0.782~6.250) mg/$m\ell$, respectively. MIC of Clindamycin was detected as $0.010{\pm}0.006$(0.004~0.016) ${\mu}g/m\ell$ at same conditions. In addition, Clindamycin and Chungdae-tang aqueous extracts also showed marked dosage-dependent inhibition of bacterial growth, and more dramatical inhibitions were detected in Clindamycin+Chungdae-tang aqueous extracts MIC treatment as compared with each of single Clindamycin MIC and Chungdae-tang aqueous extracts MIC treatments, respectively. In addition, quite similar inhibitory effects on bacterial growth were detected in Clindamycin 1/4 MIC+Chungdae-tang aqueous extracts MIC treatment as compared with single Clindamycin MIC treatment in the present study. FIC index in combination of Chungdae-tang and Clindamycin were detected as $0.775{\pm}0.285$ (0.500~1.250) at Checkerboard microtiter assay. Conclusions: The results obtained in this study suggest that Chungdae-tang aqueous extracts showed antibacterial effects against Gardnerella vaginalis, and it also showed dosage-dependent inhibitory effects on the bacterial growth. In addition, combination treatment of Chungdae-tang aqueous extract with Clindamycin showed more potent inhibitory effects on the growth of Gardnerella vaginalis with FIC index $0.775{\pm}0.285$(0.500~1.250), respectively. It means, the combination of Chungdae-tang aqueous extract with Clindamycin is partially synergistic effects. It, therefore, is expected that effective dosages of Clindamycin will be reduced to 1/4 or over 1/4 levels as combination with Chungdae-tang extracts, respectively.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.264-270
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• 2001

The effects of leaf extracts of 14 different non-host plant species on in vitro conidial germination of Phaeoisariopsis personata, the causal organism of late leaf spot(LLS) of groundnut were evaluated. Aqueous and ethanol leaf extracts of Datura metel, Lawsonia inermis and aqueous leaf extracts of Sphaeranthus indicus at 25%(w/v) concentration completely inhibited the conidial germination of P. personata both at 24h and 48h after incubation. Aqueous leaf extracts of Blumea bifoliata, Eucalyptus globules, Ocimum sanctum and Pongamia pinnata, and ethanol leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica and S. indicus inhibited the conidial germination by >90%. Aqueous and ethanol leaf extract of L. inermis and S. indicus were highly inhibitory to conidial germination up to 1% concentration. Aqueous and ethanol leaf extracts of D. metel and ethanol leaf extract of A. indica were highly inhibitory to P. personata even at 0.01% (100 ppm) concentration. Ethanol leaf extract of A. indica up to $80^{\circ}$, aqueous leaf extracts of D. metel and S. indicus up to $100^{\circ}$, and L. inermis up to $60^{\circ}$, were highly stable and retained their fungitoxic effects. Extract of D. metel was antifungal even after 180 days when it was stored both at room temperature and $4^{\circ}$. Aqueous leaf extract of D. metel at 2% concentration effectively reduced the development of LLS by >60%, under greenhouse conditions both in prophylactic and simultaneous applications. Extracts of D. metel could be a potential economical and an eco-frendly alternative for control of late leaf spot, and its efficacy under field conditions is further being evaluated.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.78-82
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• 2000

For the purpose of investigation of the food processing fittness of the sea mustard aqueous extracts, the steady shear flow have been measured over a wide range of shear rate using a Brookfield digital viscometer(SPDL21). The rheological behaviors of the sea mustard aqueous extracts which were extracted at 10$0^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours exhibited pseudoplastic behavior with yield stress. In the test of the relationship between temperature and apparent viscosity of samples at 10 rpm decreased along with the increment of temperature. The sea mustard aqueous extracts appeared greatly temperature dependent characteristics(Ea=1.51 ㎉/mole).

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.730-734
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• 2006

Aqueous extracts of medicinal plants traditionally used in the East Asia such as China, Korea, and Japan were screened for inotropic activity using isolated rabbit atria. Among the twenty-one aqueous-extracts from medicinal plants, the aqueous extracts of Convallaria keiskei(ACK) and rhizome of Coptis chinesis (ACC) were found to exhibit distinctive positive inotropic activity. The aqueous extracts of C. keiskei and rhizome of C. chinensis significantly increased atrial stroke volume and pulse pressure in beating rabbit atria. These findings suggest that the aqueous extracts of C. keiskei and rhizome of C. chinensis enhance the cardiac muscle contractility and then could be useful for the treatment of cardiac failure.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.395-398
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• 2002

Present paper showed allelopahtic effects of Tagetes minuta aqueous extracts on seed germination and root hair development. Allelopathy of aqueous extracts derived from T. minuta examined using two test plant species (Lotus comiculatus var. japonicus and Lactuca sativa). The seeds of test species were inoculated in petri dishes containing 0, 10,50 and 100% aqueous extracts from T. minuta. At day 5, the relative seed germination ratio to control was evaluated, and the development of seedling root hairs was observed through light microscopy. Seed germination of L. comiculatus var. japonicus was significantly inhibited proportional to the concentrations of aqueous extract, but that of L. sativa wasn't inhibited. The inhibitory allelopathic effect of T. minuta was found in the development and growth of seedling root hairs. It was concluded that the inhibitory allelophatic effects have been to be investigated using various bioassay, for the allelopathy of plant species shows species-specific and organ-specific.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.85-88
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• 1999

Aqueous and dichloromethane (DCM) extracts of leaves, root bark and inflorescences of Parthenium hysterophorus L. at various concentrations were used to quantify its allelopathic potential against Indigofera tinctoria, Amaranthus viridis, A. gangeticus, Phaseolus mungo (cv. CO 1), Sorghum vulgare (cv. SPT- 462). Pennisetum typhoideus (cv. WCC-75) and Eleusine corocana (cv. CO 1). The aqueous extracts were more inhibitory than the DCM extracts to the germination and seedling growth of the plants studied. The relative rate of inhibition increased in the order of inflorescences. leaves and root bark in the aqueous extracts. whereas DCM root bark and inflorescences extracts were promoted at lower concentrations.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.227-232
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• 2013

We studied antioxidant activity and inhibitory effect of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase from aqueous, ethanolic and methanolic fractions of Galla rhois. In FRAP and ORAC assay for measuring antioxidant activity, we confirmed that Galla rhois extracts had strong antioxidant activity and ethanolic and methanolic extracts were relatively stronger than aqueous extract. We used trolox as a positive control. In order to measure the inhibitory effect of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase, we compared acarbose and Galla rhois extracts. As a result of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory assay, aqueous, ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Galla rhois showed high inhibitory activitity and ethanolic and methanolic extracts were relatively stronger than aqueous extract. The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) of acarbose, aqueous, ethanolic and methanolic fractions were 0.45 mM, $0.53{\mu}g/ml$, $0.415{\mu}g/ml$ and $0.37{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. These results suggest that Galla rhois extracts can be a clinically useful anti-diabetic ingredient, indicating that it needs to be fractionated and isolated and should be further investigated.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.33 no.4 s.131
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• pp.359-363
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• 2002

Antioxidant properties of the extracts of Acanthopanax senticosus were investigated. The dried roots, stems or leaves were extracted with hot water or ethanol each. The ethanol extracts exhibited higher potency than aqueous extracts in scavenging free radicals and in inhibiting microsomal lipid peroxidation: the aqueous extracts of stems showed higher anti-oxidant effects than the root extracts. Copper-mediated LDL oxidation was also protected by the ethanol exlracts: antioxidant effects of the extracts tested were stronger than ascorbic acid, but not butylated hydroxytoluene. The activity of angiotensin converting enzyme was effectively suppressed by the aqueous extracts of the stems. However, in vivo antioxidant properties of the ethanol extracts of the stems did not seem to be significant, judged from the lipid peroxide values of serum and liver in normal mice. Thus, the ethanol extracts of the stems were shown to be more potent for protecting biological systems against various oxidant stresses in vitro, but not in vivo.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.30-35
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• 2004

Compositae plants are known to contain biologically active substances that are allelopathic to agricultural crops as well as weed species. Aqueous extracts from leaves of Xanthium occidentale were assayed against alfalfa (Medicago sativa) to determine their allelopathic effects, and the result showed that the extracts applied onto filter paper significantly inhibited seed germination as well as root growth of alfalfa. Untreated seeds germinated in 60h, but extract concentrations greater than 30g $\textrm{L}^{-1}$ delayed seed germination. The extracts significantly inhibited seed germination of alfalfa, and $\beta$-amylase activity of alfalfa and barley seeds during 24-36 hours after treatment. Aqueous extracts of 40 g $\textrm{L}^{-1}$ from X. occidentale were completely inhibited the hypocotyl and root growth of alfalfa. Aqueous leaf extracts showed the highest inhibitory effect and followed by root and stem extracts. Early seedling growth of both alfalfa and barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) was significantly reduced by methanol extracts. By means of high-performance liquid chromatography, chlorogenic acid and trans-cinnamic acid were quantified as the highest amounts from water and EtOAc fractions, respectively. BuOH and EtOAc fractions of X. occidentale reduced alfalfa root growth more than did hexane and water fractions. The findings of the bioassays for aqueous or methanol extracts reflected that the inhibitory effect of extract was closely related to the level of responsible allelochemicals found in plant extracts.