• 생태와환경
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.13-20
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• 2019

인간의 산업활동 증가로 인해 발생하는 크롬과 구리 중금속은 강우와 폐수를 통해 환경으로 유입되어 서식 생물에 유해한 영향을 준다. 본 연구에서는 하천 수생태계 오염 지표 생물인 Chironomus plumosus를 대상으로 크롬과 구리 노출에 따른 생존율, 성장률, 우화율, 성비 등의 생물학적 반응과 하순기절 기형의 형태적 영향을 관찰하였다. C. plumosus의 생존율은 크롬과 구리 노출 시간-농도의존적인 감소를 나타냈다. 성장률은 크롬 노출 후 4일째 감소하였고 구리 노출 시에는 상대적으로 고농도인 $1000mg\;L^{-1}$에서 모든 노출 시간에 감소함을 확인하였다. 또한 $1000mg\;L^{-1}$ 구리 노출에서 대조군에 비해 우화율이 급격히 감소함을 관찰하였다. 크롬 노출 시 성비는 상대적 저농도에서(10과 $50mg\;L^{-1}$) 대조군과 달리 암컷의 비율이 증가했지만 구리 노출 시에는 상대적으로 고농도인 $1000mg\;L^{-1}$에서 수컷의 비율이 눈에 띄게 증가하는 성비불균형을 확인하였다. 나아가 C. plumosus 하순기절 형태적 기형은 크롬과 구리 노출에 따라 노출군에서 발생함을 관찰하였다. 이러한 결과는 크롬과 구리의 수생태계 유입이 서식하는 저서무척추동물인 C. plumosus의 생물학적, 형태적 유해 스트레스를 제공하며 C. plumosus가 크롬과 구리 같은 중금속 독성평가에 민감하게 반응하는 지표종임을 제시한다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제24권10호
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• pp.330-339
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• 2021

Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) is a marine bivalve mollusk widely distributed in coastal areas, and have been long widely used in industrial resources. Several studies demonstrated that fermented oyster (FO) extract attribute to bone health, but whether administration of FO play as an endocrine disruptor has not been studied. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the effect of FO on the endocrine system in vitro and in vivo. As the results of the competitive estrogen receptor (ER) and androgen receptor (AR) binding affinities, FO was not combined with ER-α, ER-β, and AR. However, 17β-estradiol and testosterone, used as positive control, were interacted with ER and AR, respectively. Meanwhile, oral administration of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg of FO doesn't have any harmful effect on the body weight, androgen-dependent sex accessory organs, estrogen-dependent-sex accessory organs, kidney, and liver in immature rats. In addition, FO supplementation has no effect on the serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone, and 17β-estradiol. However, the relative weight of androgen- and estrogen-dependent organs were significantly increased by subcutaneously injection of 4.0 mg/kg of testosterone propionate (TP) and by orally administration of 1.0 ㎍ of 17α-ethynyl estradiol (EE) in immature male and female rats, respectively. Furthermore, TP and EE administration markedly decreased the serum LH and FSH levels, which are similar those of mature Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat. Furthermore, the testosterone and 17β-estradiol levels were significantly enhanced in TP and EE-treated immature rats. Taken together, our findings showed that FO does not interact with ER and AR, suggesting consequentially FO does not play as a ligand for ER and AR. Furthermore, oral administration of FO did not act as an endocrine disruptor including androgenic activity, estrogenic activity, and abnormal levels of sex hormone, indicating FO may ensure the safety on endocrine system to develop dietary supplement for bone health.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제25권11호
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• pp.579-586
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• 2022

Research on the potential biological activity of red alga Symphyocladia spp. has been limited to Symphyocladia latiuscula, which is widely used as a food ingredient in Korea. Here, we examined the biological activity of another species, Symphyocladia linearis, which is found in Korea and was reported as a new species in 2013. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties of a 70% ethanol extract of S. linearis. Antioxidant activity, which was evaluated using radical scavenging assays, revealed half maximal inhibitory concentration values for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) of 34.57 and 11.70 ㎍/mL algal extract, respectively. Anti-inflammatory activity of the S. linearis ethanolic extract was evaluated using RAW 264.7 cells by measuring the inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) production. The potential cytotoxicity of NO and PGE₂ was first examined, confirming no toxicity at concentrations ranging from 10-100 ㎍/mL. NO production was inhibited 61.1% and 78.0% at 50 and 100 ㎍/mL S. linearis extract, respectively; and PGE₂ production was inhibited 69.1%, 83.2%, and 94.8% at 25, 50, and 100 ㎍/mL S. linearis extract, respectively. Thus, the S. linearis extract showed very strong efficacy against PGE₂ production. The cellular production of reactive oxygen species, measured using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate fluorescence, was inhibited 48.8% by the addition of 100 ㎍/mL S. linearis extract. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). S. linearis was effective only against gram-positive bacteria, exhibiting antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with a MIC of 256 ㎍/mL extract and against Bacillus cereus with a MIC of 1,024 ㎍/mL extract. Based on these results, we infer that a 70% ethanolic extract of S. linearis possesses strong anti-inflammatory properties, and therefore has the potential to be used in the prevention and treatment of inflammatory and immune diseases.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.137-143
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• 2010

5가지 생약재로부터 얻어낸 열수추출물을 대상으로 시험관(in-vitro) 실험을 통하여 어류병원체에 대한 항세균, 항곰팡이, 항기생충 효과를 검토하였다. 황금의 효과가 가장 두드러졌으며, 황금의 열수추출물을 사료에 흡수시켜 넙치에 급여하고 4, 8, 12주 후에 다양한 생리학적 반응과 세균성질병(Edwardsiellosis, Streptococosis)에 대한 예방효과를 조사한 결과, 성장효과에 대한 변화 이외의 뚜렷한 생리학적변화는 나타나지 않았으며, 두 가지 세균성 질병에 대한 예방효과도 확인되지 않았다. 따라서 이 후 추가적인 조사 연구가 이루어져야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.41-49
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• 2000

수역의 수질개선을 위하여 생활하수, 산업폐수를 처리할 때 주로 BOD 또는 COD를 저하시키는데 주안점을 두어왔으나 제거되지 않은 질소와 인의 유입으로 인하여 해역은 부영양화가 진행되고 있다. 따라서 향후 수질을 개선하기 위해서는 조류증식의 제한인자인 질소와 인의 처리가 필요하다. 고차처리를 적용할 경우보다 건설비용과 유지관리비가 적게 소요되는 해중방류(Ocean Outfall)을 적용하였을 때 그 효과를 검토하였다. 남부하수처리장 2차처리수를 해중 방류했을 때 수영만 전역에 미치는 영향을 far-field 모델인 생태-유체역학 모델을 이용하여 예측한 결과, 과거 남부하수처리수가 해수면에 유입되던 용호만의 수질은 많은 개선을 보였으나 방류관 주변에서 무기질소와 인의 농도가 해역환경기준 III등급으로 적조나 부영양화의 가능성이 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.285-294
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• 1998

When Cochlodinium polykrikoides came into the culture tanks through influent cultivated water during the red tides, hundred thousands of commercial flounders were concomitantly killed and many culturists suffered from a great deal of financial loss in the east coast of Korea. It is charactrized by high sinking rate after sunset and the formatino of clump which results in oxygen deficiency by its respiration at tank bottom under condition. We investigated the efficacy of hydrogen peroxide and chlorine dioxide, known to form radicals, for extermination of red tide organism C. polykrikoides. When C. polykrikoides seawater with a density of 6,000 cells/$m\ell$ was treated with 14, 28 and $42mg/\ell$ of hydrogen peroxide, its survival rate was markedly decreased to 9.8, 0.8 and 0.3% respectively immediately after 6 hours of treatments whereas when it was treated with 1.5, 2.1 and $3.0mg/\ell$ chlorine dioxide, its survival rate showed 87.7, 81.3 and 80.1 and 80.1% respectively at the same treatment time. Hydrogen peroxide was the effective agent since it has scarcely injured the cultured olive flounder when exposed to the tested concentration range of $14~28mg/\ell$ with the extermination of almost3 C. polykrikoides during the experimental period of 5 days and has shown the oxygen increase of approximately $1.23mg/\ell$ 2 hours immediately after the flounder by C. polykrikoides in the land-based culture tank is assumed to be not by the toxicity of itself but by oxygen dificiency from the rapid respiration of dinoflagellate clump sunken to the tank bottom.

• 환경생물
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.133-140
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• 2004

유기주석화합물이 넙치의 기관계 구조에 미치는 독성을 알아보기 위하여 넙치를 대조구와 TBTO를 첨가한 6개 농도구(0.17, 0.36, 0.60, 3.20, 6.30, 12.50 ${\mu}g \;L^{-1}$)에서 42일 동안 노출 실험을 하였다. 조직상의 변화 정도는 노출 시간과 TBTO농도의 증가에 따라 심하게 나타났다. 저농도의 TBTO 노출구에서 관찰된 초기 조직학적 변화로는 아가미에서는 점액세포와 염세포의 활성, 새판 모세혈관의 충혈, 상피층의 비후, 간췌장에서는 간세포의 활성화와 췌장 효소원과립의 감소, 담관의 변성이 확인되었으며, 신장에서는 모세혈관의 충혈, 호산성세포와 혹색 대식세포군의 출현이 관찰되었다. 고농도의 TBTO 노출구에서 관찰된 조직학적 변화로는 아가미에서는 새판 상피층의 박리와 새판의 붕괴, 간췌장에서는 간세포의 핵응축, 세포질의 혼탁 및 과립변성, 신장에서는 조혈세포의 핵응축, 사구체와 세뇨관의 붕괴 등 정상적인 기능 수행이 어려울 것으로 판단되는 조직상들이 관찰되었다. 이와 같은 결과는 TBTO는 다른 수중오염원과 마찬가지로 어류 기관계의 조직병리학적 변화를 유도한다는 것을 나타낸다.

• 한국환경독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경독성학회 2003년도 추계국제학술대회
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• pp.91-93
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• 2003

It has been estimated that the equivalent of approximately $US 50 billion has been spent on research on the behavior and fate of pesticides in the environment since Rachel Carson published “Silent Spring” in 1962. Much of the resulting knowledge has been summarized explicitly in computer algorithms in a variety of empirical, deterministic, and probabilistic simulation models. These models describe and predict the transport, degradation and resultant concentrations of pesticides in various compartments of the environment during and after application. In many cases the known errors of model predictions are large. For this reason they are typically designed to be “conservative”, i.e., err on the side of over-prediction of concentrations in order to err on the side of safety. These predictions are then compared with toxicity data, from tests of the pesticide on a series of standard representative biota, including terrestrial and aquatic indicator species and higher animals (e.g., wildlife and humans). The models' predictions are good enough in some cases to provide screening of those compounds which are very unlikely to do harm, and to indicate those compounds which must be investigated further. If further investigation is indicated a more detailed (and therefore more complicated) model may be employed to give a better estimate, or field experiments may be required. A model may be used to explore “what if” questions leading to possible alternative pesticide usage patterns which give lower potential environmental concentrations and allowable exposures. We are currently at a maturing stage in this research where the knowledge base of pesticide behavior in the environmental is growing more slowly than in the past. However, innovative uses are being made of the explosion in available computer technology to use models to take ever more advantage of the knowledge we have. In this presentation, current developments in the state of the art as practiced in North America and Europe will be presented. Specifically, we will look at the efforts of the ‘Focus’ consortium in the European Union, and the ‘EMWG’ consortium in North America. These groups have been innovative in developing a process and mechanisms for discussion amongst academic, agriculture, industry and regulatory scientists, for consensus adoption of research advances into risk management methodology.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.203-217
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• 2013

This study looked at how to establish effluent limitation standards for formaldehyde, a toxic chemical widely used in industries. To this end, we reviewed Water Quality Based Effluent Limitation (WQBEL), Technology Based Effluent Limitation (TBEL), and water quality criteria for protection of human health and aquatic organism. Based on the results, we estimated formaldehyde effluent limitation standards appropriate to control water quality of industrial wastewater in Korea. However, this study has limits due to the lack of some data necessary in estimating formaldehyde effluent limitation. For example, although water quality criteria based on non-carcinogenic properties of formaldehyde were calculated, those based on carcinogenic properties were not be able to estimate because of the absence of applicable cancer potency factor q1. Without applicable factor, we calculated water quality standards for formaldehyde based on water quality criteria of advanced countries including the United States, while with no water quality standard we referred to applicable drinking water quality standards of other countries. For eco-toxicity based on water quality criteria, proper figures could not be calculated since there have been few reliable data.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.53-59
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• 2012

Fenvalerate에 대한 피라미(Zacco platypus)의 독성 수준을 반수 치사량 (LC50)을 이용하여 평가하고, 뇌 손상의 기작과 GFAP의 발현 정도를 광학현미경과 형광현미경을 이용하여 조사하였다. 피라미의 생존율은 fenvalerate의 농도가 높아질수록 낮아졌고 LC50은 $27.79{\mu}g/L$이었다. TUNEL assay결과 fenvalerate의 농도가 높아질수록 뇌 조직에서 세포고사가 증가하였으며, periventricular zone에서 GFAP 발현이 증가하였다. 따라서 세포고사는 fenvalerate에 의한 피라미 뇌 손상의 주요 기작 중 하나로 생각되며, periventricular zone에서 GFAP의 발현증가는 뇌 손상의 지표로 이용될 수 있을 것이다. 이는 pyrethroid계 살충제에 의한 어류의 뇌 손상기작 연구와 수생 생태계 보존을 위한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.