• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.568-573
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• 2006

We have synthesized new blue light emitting random copolymers, poly(9,9'-n-dioctylfluorene-co-perfluorobenzene-1,4-diyl)s (PFFBs), via Ni(0)-mediated coupling reactions. The weight-average molecular weights ($M_w$) of the PFFB copolymers ranged from 9,000 to 15,000. The PFFB copolymers dissolved in common organic solvents such as THF and toluene. The PL emission peaks of the PFFB copolymers were at around 420, 440, and 470 nm. EL devices were fabricated in ITO/PEDOT/polymer/Ca/Al configurations using these polymers. These EL devices were found to exhibit pure blue emission with approximate CIE coordinates of (0.15, 0.11) at $100cd/m^2$. The blue emissions of these devices might be due to the restriction of the polymer chains to aggregation by introducing of the highly electronegative fluorine moieties. The maximum brightnesses of the PFFB copolymer devices ranged from 140 to $3600cd/m^2$ with maximum efficiencies from 0.2 to 0.6 cd/A. The enhanced efficiency of the PFFB (8/2) copolymer device results from the inhibition of excimer formation by the introduction of the electronegative fluorine moieties into the copolymers.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.163-168
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• 2009

Hyperbranched conjugated polymers (p-HPPV and m-HPPV) with para and meta linkages were synthesized from $A_2$ and $B_4$ type monomers through Wittig polycondensation. The synthesized p-HPPV and m-HPPV were completely soluble in common organic solvents such as chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, 1,2-dichloroethane, etc. and thermal gravimetric analyses showed that p-HPPV and m-HPPV are stable up to $350^{\circ}C$. The molecular weights (from GPC), UV-visible, and photoluminescence maximum peaks of p-HPPV and m-HPPV are characterized in detail. The fabricated EL devices using the synthesized hyperbranched polymers, (ITO/(p-HPPV or m-HPPV)/Al), showed EL emission at about 507 nm and 481 nm (681 nm), respectively. Especially, EL device from m-HPPV were found to exhibit nearly white emission with approximate CIE coordinates of (0.31, 0.34) compared with (0.310, 0.316) of NTSC white color at $100\;cd/m^2$. The good photophysical properties combine with good film-form ability could make these hyperbranched polymers to be a potential candidate for the EL materials.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.217-224
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• 2011

The object of this study was to evaluate the single oral dose toxicity of platycodin D, a saponin from the root of Platycodon grandiflorum in male and female mice. Platycodin D was administered to female and male mice as an oral dose of 2000, 1000, 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg (body wt.). Animals were monitored for the mortality and changes in body weight, clinical signs and gross observation during 14 days after treatment, upon necropsy, organ weight and histopathology of 14 principle organs were examined. As the results, no platycodin D treatment related mortalities, clinical signs, changes on the body and organ weights, gross and histopathological observations against 14 principle organs were detected up to 2000 mg/kg in both female and male mice. Therefore, $LD_{50}$ (50% lethal dose) and approximate LD of playtcodin D after single oral treatment in female and male mice were considered over 2000 mg/kg - the limited dosages recommended by KFDA Guidelines [2009-116, 2009], respectively.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.733-745
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• 2022

This study proposed a robust artificial intelligence (AI) model based on the social behaviour of the imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA) and artificial neural network (ANN) for modelling the deflection of reinforced concrete beams, abbreviated as ICA-ANN model. Accordingly, the ICA was used to adjust and optimize the parameters of an ANN model (i.e., weights and biases) aiming to improve the accuracy of the ANN model in modelling the deflection reinforced concrete beams. A total of 120 experimental datasets of reinforced concrete beams were employed for this aim. Therein, applied load, tensile reinforcement strength and the reinforcement percentage were used to simulate the deflection of reinforced concrete beams. Besides, five other AI models, such as ANN, SVM (support vector machine), GLMNET (lasso and elastic-net regularized generalized linear models), CART (classification and regression tree) and KNN (k-nearest neighbours), were also used for the comprehensive assessment of the proposed model (i.e., ICA-ANN). The comparison of the derived results with the experimental findings demonstrates that among the developed models the ICA-ANN model is that can approximate the reinforced concrete beams deflection in a more reliable and robust manner.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.204-211
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• 2016

본 실험에서는 유산균발효 독활의 마우스 단회 경구 투여 독성 자료를 얻기 위해 식품의약품안전청 고시 제 2013-121 “의약품 등의 독성시험 기준”에 의거하여, 설치류 투여 한계 용량인 2,000 mg/kg을 최고 투여군을 설정하고 공비 2로 1,000 및 500 mg/kg 투여군을 중간 및 저용량 투여군으로 설정하여 실험을 실시하였으며, 그 결과는 독활 열수 추출물 2,000 mg/kg 암수 투여군 및 암수 매체 대조군과 비교 평가 하였다. 본 실험의 결과, 설치류 투여한계 용량인 2,000 mg/kg 투여군까지, 유산균발효 독활 열수 추출물 투여와 관련된 사망례, 임상증상, 체중, 장기중량, 육안부검 및 조직병리학적 소견이 인정되지 않았다. 따라서 유산균발효 독활 열수 추출물의 마우스에 대한 단회 경구 투여 반수 치사량 및 개략적 치사량은 암수 각각 2,000 mg/kg이상으로 산출되었으며, 특정 임상증상 및 표적 장기 역시 없는 것으로 판단되어, 유산균발효 독활은 매우 안전한 물질로 판단된다. 또한 독활 열수 추출물 2,000 mg/kg 투여와 관련된 사망례, 임상 증상, 체중, 장기중량, 육안 및 조직병리학적 변화 역시 인정되지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 독활의 활용도를 증대시키는 기초 자료가 될 것으로 사료된다.

• 정보처리학회논문지B
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• 제16B권5호
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• pp.385-394
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• 2009

사람의 얼굴은 강체(Rigid object)가 아니기 때문에 얼굴을 추적하거나 인식하는 일은 쉽지 않다. 특히 얼굴의 포즈나 주변 조명의 변화에 따른 입력 영상의 차이는 얼굴 인식을 어렵게 하는 주된 원인이다. 본 논문에서는 비디오 영상으로부터 얼굴을 추적하고 인식할 때 발생하는 이 두 가지의 문제를 해결하기 위한 프레임웍과 전처리 방법을 제안한다. 얼굴 포즈의 변화에도 효과적으로 얼굴을 추적 및 인식하기 위해 먼저 학습 영상으로부터 주성분 분석법(Principal Component Analysis)을 이용하여 각 얼굴 포즈마다 하나의 독립된 가우시안 분포를 추정하고 이를 이용하여 각 사람마다 가우시안 혼합 모델(Gaussian Mixture Model)을 구성한다. 본 논문에서는 서로 다른 조명 상태를 가진 얼굴 영상을 처리하기 위해 먼저 입력된 얼굴 영상을 SSR(Single Scale Retinex) 모델을 이용하여 반사율(Reflectance)과 조도(Illuminance)로 분해한다. 반사율은 사전 정의된 범위 안에서 히스토그램 평활화를 수행함으로써 재조정되고 조도는 조명의 변화를 포함하고 있지 않은 영상들으로부터 학습된 매니폴드 모델로 다시 근사된다. 이 두 특징을 결합함으로써 실내 환경이나 실외 환경에서 촬영된 영상에서 효율적으로 얼굴을 추적 및 인식한다. 비디오 기반의 영상으로부터 보다 효율적으로 얼굴을 추적하기 위해 본 논문에서는 구성된 모델의 가중치를 각 프레임마다 이전 프레임의 추적 결과에 의해 EM 알고리즘을 이용하여 갱신함으로써 비디오 영상내의 연속적으로 변화하는 얼굴 포즈를 추정하였다. 본 논문에서 제안된 방법은 실내에서의 다양한 조명환경과 실외의 여러 장소에서 획득한 실험 영상을 이용하여 기존에 연구되어 온 다른 방법에 비해 우수한 성능을 보였다.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.56-62
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of the study is to assess both the approximate lethal dose and the single dose intramuscular injection toxicity of Danggui (Angelica gigantis radix) pharmacopuncture (DGP) in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Methods: The experiments were conducted at the good laboratory practice (GLP) laboratory, Biotoxtech Co., which is a laboratory approved by the ministry of food and drug safety (MFDS). The study was performed according to the GLP regulation and the toxicity test guidelines of the MFDS (2009) after approval of the institutional animal care and use committee of Biotoxtech. Single doses of DGP were injected intramuscularly into the rats in three test groups of 6 week old SD rats (5 male and 5 female rats per groups) in the amounts of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mL/animal for groups 2, 3, and 4, respectively, and normal saline solution in the amount of 1.0 mL/animal was injected intramuscularly into the rats (5 male and 5 female rats) in the control group. Observations of the general symptoms and weight measurements were performed during the 14 day observation period after the injection. Hematologic and serum biochemical examination, necropsy, and a local tolerance test at the injection site were done after the observation period. Results: No death was observed in three test groups (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mL/animal group). In addition, the injection of DGP had no effect on general symptoms, weights, hematologic and serum biochemical examination, and necropsy. The results from the local tolerance tests at injection site showed no treatment related effects in the SD rats. Conclusion: The results of single dose intramuscular injection of DGP suggest that the approximate lethal dose is above 1.0 mL/animal for both male and female SD rats and that intramuscular injection of DGP may be safe.

• 한국건설관리학회논문집
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.42-52
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• 2021

공동주택 주차장 리모델링 공사비는 전체 리모델링 공사비의 대략 20%를 차지한다. 지하주차장 공사비를 알면 전체 공사비 예측이 가능한 것이다. 공사비 산정 시 참고하는 표준품셈은 리모델링 공사비 산정에 적용하기 곤란하여 리모델링 공사의 특징을 반영할 수 있는 공사비 산정 모델이 필요하다. 이 연구에서는 리모델링의 특징 및 설계 요소를 반영하여 개략 공사비를 산정하는 공동주택 지하주차장 확대 리모델링의 개략 공사비 산정 모델을 개발하였다. 선행 연구 고찰 및 전문가 자문을 통해 지하주차장 리모델링 공사의 Activity를 37개 도출하였다. 리모델링 설계도면이 확정되기 전 개략 공사비를 산정할 수 있도록 Activity 별 물량 산출식 및 단가를 제시하였다. 전문가 자문을 통해 공사비 상승에 영향을 미치는 요인 13개와 요인 별 가중치를 결정하였다. 리모델링 사례단지 3개를 개략 공사비 산정 모델에 적용한 결과, 정확도는 평균 93%로 나타났다.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.234-240
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 온실 설계의 기초자료로 이용할 목적으로 온실에서 재배되고 있는 작물 중에 작물하중이 상대적으로 큰 토마토와 파프리카를 대상으로 작물하중을 측정하였다. 재배기간 중 동절기의 기온은 평년대비 최저 및 평균기온의 최대 차이는 각각 $-5.6^{\circ}C$ 및 $-4.9^{\circ}C$로 나타났고, 하절기의 최대 온도 차이는 각각 $3.0^{\circ}C$ 및 $1.5^{\circ}C$를 나타났다. 푸쉬풀 게이지의 측도 설정한 결과, 결정계수가 0.99 정도로서 상관관계가 아주 높은 것으로 나타났다. 파프리카의 재식밀도는 각각 3.43 및 $3.56plants{\cdot}m^{-2}$이었고, 토마토는 $2.13plants{\cdot}m^{-2}$이었다. 그리고 생산량은 각각 4.1, $4.3kg{\cdot}plant^{-1}$ 및 $16.2kg{\cdot}plant^{-1}$ 정도로서 단위면적당 생산량으로 보면, 14.1, $15.2kg{\cdot}m^{-2}$ 및 $34.5kg{\cdot}m^{-2}$ 정도인 것으로 파악되었다. 파프리카 및 토마토의 경우, 최대하중은 약 1.3, $1.5kg{\cdot}plant^{-1}$ 및 $3.3kg{\cdot}plant^{-1}$ 정도이었다. 파프리카 재배에서 작물을 중방에 매달 경우, 중방에 작용하는 총 작물하중은 $15.3{\sim}15.9kg{\cdot}m^{-2}$ 정도로 예측되고, 재배베드를 지지하는 거터의 무게를 고려하면 총 무게는 $26.0{\sim}26.9kg{\cdot}m^{-2}$ 정도이었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권9호
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• pp.1326-1335
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• 2005

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of dietary lysine deficiency on protein turnover of porcine muscles. There were 18 LYD three-breed-crossing postweanling barrows from six litters cannulated with gastric tubes through the esophagus at approximate 10 kg of body weight and allocated into three treatment groups. When their body weights reached over 12 kg, one group was sacrificed for determining the initial protein masses of m. masseter, m. longissimus dorsi, m. adductor and m. biceps femoris from the right body side. The others received a diet containing 100% or 61.4% (calculated values) of the lysine requirement (NRC, 1998) multiplied by 1.103 for a period of 17 days. Daily feed provision was computed for each pig according to body weight at the same day. All pigs were infused a flooding dose of $^2$H$_5$-phenylalanine to determine the fractional protein synthesis rates (FSR) of the aforementioned muscles in the end. Their four muscles from the right body side were also dissected for measuring the fractional rates of protein accretion (FAR). As for protein degradation, fractional rates (FDR) were calculated by differences between synthesis and accretion. Results showed that the lysine deficiency resulted in, significantly (p<0.05), lighter body weights, smaller muscles and a slower growth rate. The protein mass, accreted by the muscles, of the deficient group was only 54% averaged of the pigs fed adequately (p<0.05). The FAR of these muscles in the deficient group was significantly lower (p<0.05) and only achieved 61.1% averaged of the control; there was no significant difference (p>0.05), nevertheless, in the amino-acid composition of muscles between two groups. The lysine deficiency reduced significantly (p<0.05) the FSR of m. longissimus dorsi but did not influence its FDR. The m. biceps femoris also presented an inhibited FSR while its FDR reduced only exhibited a very high tendency (p = 0.055) compared to the adequately-fed pigs. As for the m. masseter and m. adductor, both of the FSR and FDR were depressed significantly (p<0.05) by the lysine deficiency, and changes in the FSR were severer than those in the FDR, so that their FAR were significantly slower (p<0.05) in comparison with the control group. The lysine deficiency also inhibited the RNA translation activity of the muscles while the effects on RNA capacity were not significant (p>0.05). In conclusion, the FAR of muscle protein was changed by the current lysine deficiency through the alterations in the FSR and/or FDR.