• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제21권7호
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• pp.594-598
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• 2008

The metal catalyst particles which there is as impurities on a tip part of carbon nanotube (CNT) are not good to apply it to a nano-electronic device. It was very important the opening of CNT-tip to fix a target bio material and a material to accept in CNT in a biosensor, so we performed $HNO_3$ wet etching to remove the metal catalyst particle which there was on a tip part of CNT grown up in the study and observed the opened CNT-tip with etching time. We synthesized the CNTs using a HF-PECVD method and choses the CNT length of 700 nm for the application of nano-electronic device such as a biosensor etc.. We observed the opened CNT-tip with wet etching times of $HNO_3$ (10, 30, 60 min). From the results, we observed that the CNT-tip was opened with the increase of wet etching time lively. In case of CNTs etched during 60 min, we confirmed that there was not the ratio of Ni included in CNTsI as catalyst. Conclusively, in the case of CNT etched for 60 minutes, it is completely good for application of a biosensor and, in addition, the metal-free CNTs will contribute to the application of other nanoelectronic devices.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.72-82
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• 2000

Many lot of books introduce the methods to calculate the time of concentration, and these are described as various forms of formulas. There are few formulas appropriate for our basin characteristics Therefone, there are problems to make excessive or less estimation when these formulas are used. To solve these problems, comparison of formulas and sensitivity analysis for them were made with converting parameters. Finally, Time of concentration was estimated to derive Application limits for 3 watersheds by standardized formulas. In the case of input parameters analysis, SCS formula has the highest value by the length, Kerby by the height and SCS by the slope, respectively, while Kraven formula has the lowest value among them. Concerning the relative sensitivity by Taylor series, the time of concentration showed the constant effect while increasing of the length and slope, and the length was more sensitive than the slope in parameters. Finally the standardization formula developed in this study was applied to derive application limits for 3 watersheds(total 17 subbasins). In this case, Rziha(8 subbasins) and SCS(9 subbasins) formulas were the most similar to observed data of total 17 subbasins respectively. Application limits were about 300~500$\textrm{km}^2$ area, 30~60km length and under 0.01 slope for Rziha formula and about 100~200$\textrm{km}^2$ area, 10~30km length, and over 0.01 slope for SCS formula, respectively.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.1789-1794
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• 2014

This paper suggests an application method for a superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) using an evaluation index to estimate the risk regarding the short-circuit capacity of the circuit breaker (CB). Recently, power distribution systems have become more complex to ensure that supply continuously keeps pace with the growth of demand. However, the mesh or loop network power systems suffer from a problem in which the fault current exceeds the short-circuit capacity of the CBs when a fault occurs. Most case studies on the application of the SFCL have focused on its development and performance in limiting fault current. In this study, an analysis of the application method of an SFCL considering the risk of the CB's short-circuit capacitor was carried out in situations when a fault occurs in a loop network power system, where each line connected with the fault point carries a different current that is above or below the short-circuit capacitor of the CB. A loop network power system using PSCAD/EMTDC was modeled to investigate the risk ratio of the CB and the effect of the SFCL on the reduction of fault current through various case studies. Through the risk evaluations of the simulation results, the estimation of the risk ratio is adequate to apply the SFCL and demonstrate the fault current limiting effect.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제59권
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• pp.59-78
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• 2013

The interpretation and application of investment treaties takes place mostly by ad hoc tribunals. Their composition varies from case to case. But in interpreting and applying investment treaties are bound to exist on a ground rule and coherent criteria. Given summarizing contents of this study, those are as follows. When interpreting investment treaties, (i) most tribunals is based on Article 31 and 32 of the VCLT, (ii) tribunals rely on previous decisions, (iii) tribunals resort to travaux pr$\acute{e}$paratoires, (iv) tribunals consider the interpretative statement. When applying investment treaties, (i) treaties apply only in relation to acts or events that occurred after their entry into force, (ii) tribunals have applied different inter-temporal rules to jurisdictional clauses and substantive provisions in treaties, (iii) the relevant date for purposes of jurisdiction is the date of the institution of proceedings, (iv) Under the ICSID convention, the host state and investor's nationality must be a party to the convention on the date the proceedings are instituted. This study is expected to possibly become guideline in the interpretation and application standards of investment treaties. So future disputes can be prevented and prepared in advance.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.245-253
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• 2011

As interests towards health rapidly increase recently, interests and demand for hospital interior space are increasing as well. Therefore, most of today's hospitals that have been functionally designed are transforming into healing environments that consider psychological aspects, in order to assist patients forget about fear, desperation and have peace of mind. With such creation method of healing environment, natural elements can be applied to spaces in order to allow patients feel vitality, hope and adapt positive thinking, and these can eventually lead to affluent fusion of humans, nature and space. Through case analyses of how natural elements are applied to hospital's interior space, this study understands its characteristics. According to the findings, nature is largely classified into light, water, plant, stone/soil, and its application methods can be classified into center, transition, continuity, division, opening and closure. As evident from case analyses, application of natural elements to hospital's interior space promotes exchanges among patients through community formation, and achieves the effect of spatial concentration and public place. Also, ambiguity of exterior and interior boundary creates a sense of expansion and continuous effect, and can also provide a healing environment that can fully absorb natural environment open to patients. This study aims to be of service when designing hospital's interior space, with its natural element application method for healing environment research, and wishes for continuous studies on healing environments with more diverse methods.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:컴퓨팅의 실제 및 레터
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.569-581
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• 2001

XML의 등장으로 인터넷의 제2의 혁명을 가져올 것이라는 기대는 XML 스키마 정의 언어가 표준화됨으로써 현실적으로 실현 가능하게 되었다. XML 스키마를 설계하는 것은 DTD를 설계하는 것보다 더 복잡하며 더 많은 정보가 제공되게 된다. 이에 XML 스키마를 모델링하는 도구들이 등장하고 있으며, 이 도구는 일반적인 모델링 도구와는 다른 기능이 요구된다. 본 논문에서는 \"설계 후 즉시 개발\"이라는 XML 응용 프로그램 개발 방법론을 제안하고, 이를 XSD4j에서 구현하였다. XSD4j를 사용하면 개발자는 쉽고 개념적인 수준의 스키마를 모델링할 수 있다. 또한, XML 문서를 위한 XML 저장매체 스키마의 생성 및 XML 문서와 응용 프로그램간의 표준적인 인터페이스인 DOM API를 얻을 수 있어 XML 응용 프로그램의 작성을 쉽게 할 수 있다.쉽게 할 수 있다.

• Journal of Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.36-44
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• 2012

Adoption and practical application of BPM yet remains at a theoretic and methodological level for many industrial sectors. As for construction industry, adapting BPM into enterprise resource across all business processes could cause problems due to rapid change in corporate operation systems. Furthermore, it is unable to predict potential risks of business process while BPM are being applied. Therefore, applying BPM model to core strategy and individual task seems more effective than applying BPM model to the entire enterprise resource planning. In this paper, we define BPM and suggest a BPM model by analyzing each business unit in order to evaluate each business unit which is included in the business process architecture based on quantitative standards. This paper also presents a sequential application plan for business process model. Finally, a case study is demonstrated for the application of BPM system, focusing on cost management business, which turned out to be a top priority in the aspect of efficiency and ease based on priority analysis.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.157-163
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• 1999

본 연구의 목적은 교정적 치아 이동시 교정력과 Half sine-wane pulsed electromagnetic field (HSPEMF)를 함께 적용한 경우 교정력 만을 적용한 경우보다 치아 이동량이 증가한다는 가설을 확인하고, HSPEMF의 적용 시간을 다양하게 적용하여 치아 이동이 일어나는 적용 시간의 역치와 적용 시간과 치아 이동량과의 관계를 밝히는데 있다. Hartley guinea pig를 실험 대상으로 하여 상악 좌우측 중절치에 12 g의 이개력을 발휘하는 스프링을 장착하여 실험군에 각각 4 시간, 8 시간 및 12 시간 동안 HSPEMF를 적용한 후 치아 이동량을 측정하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 10 일간의 실험 기간 동안 하루 4 시간의 HSPEMF를 적용한 경우 실험군과 대조군에서 치아 이동량이 유의성있는 차이를 보이지 않았다. 2. 10일간의 실험 기간 동안 발생한 치아 이동량에 있어서, 하루 8 시간 및 12 시간의 HSPEMF를 적용한 경우 각각 실험 8 일 및 6 일 이후부터 실험군이 대조군보다 더 큰 유의성 있는 증가를 보였다. 3. 10일간의 실험 기간 동안 발생한 치아 이동량에 있어서, HSPEMF를 하루 12시간씩 적용한 경우가8시간씩 적용한 경우보다 실험 후 7 일과 8 일에서 더 큰 유의성 있는 증가를 보였다.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제48권7호
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• pp.73-86
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• 2006

Concentrated poultry production in the State of Alabama, U.S.A. results in excessive poultry litter. Application of poultry litter to pastures and row crops serves as a cheap alternative to commercial fertilizer. However, over the years, poultry litter application to perennial forage crops in the Appalachian Plateau region of North Alabama has resulted in phosphorus (P) buildup in soils. Phosphorus index (P-index) and comprehensive nutrient management plans (CNMP) are often used as a best management practice (BMP) for proper land application of litter. Because nutrient management planning is often not done for small animal feeding operations (AFOs), and also because, in case of excess litter, litter transportation infrastructure has not been developed, over application of poultry litter to near by area is a common practice. To alleviate this problem, optimal poultry litter management and transportation infrastructure needs to be developed. This paper presents a methodology to optimize poultry litter application and transportation through efficient nutrient management planning and transportation network analysis. The goal was accomplished through implementation of three important modules, a P-Index module, a CNMP module, and a transportation network analysis module within ArcGIS, a Geographic Information System (GIS). The CNMP and P-Index modules assist with land application of poultry litter at a rate that is protective of water quality, while the transportation network analysis module helps transport excess litter to areas requiring litter in the Appalachian Plateau and Black Belt (a nutrient-deficient area) regions. Once fully developed and implemented, such a system will help alleviate water quality problems in the Appalachian Plateau region and poor soil fertility problems in the Black Belt region by optimizing land application and transportation. The utility of the methodology is illustrated through a hypothetical case study.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.455-467
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• 2015

Objective: The present study suggested practical measures for successful patent registration based on a review of success and failure cases of patent application filed based on inventions obtained from physical ergonomics research. Background: The protection of intellectual property (IP) contributes to economic growth and competitiveness and facilitates innovation and creativity. IP rights are pursued on research findings for effective technology transfer and commercialization; however, a patent application can be rejected if patentability requirements such as patent eligible subject matter, utility for industrial application, novelty, or non-obviousness are not satisfied. Method: Three successful and three failed cases of patent applications based on physical ergonomics research were reviewed, critical reasons for their successes and failures were examined, and measures were proposed to avoid failures in patent registration. Results: The following measures were identified based on the patent application case review. First, abstract ideas including logical procedures and/or mathematical formulas need to include use of tangible apparatus and methods in idea realization. Second, the provision of grace period inventor disclosure exception needs to be properly followed in case an invention is disclosed before filing of patent application. Lastly, a comprehensive analysis of prior art published or publicly known anywhere in the world and a claim preparation of distinguished, non-trivial features compared to prior art solutions are needed to avoid possible violation of novelty and non-obviousness. Application: The proposed measures can help to prepare a patent application with patent eligibility.