• 대한한의학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.339-348
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• 1998

We can have the following summary regarding the apple, what is called, 'the king of fruits' through the study of bibliographic science. 1. Im-keum(林檎) could be translated into 'Neung-keum'(능금)(Malus asiatiaz Nakai), Nea(奈) into 'Meut'(멋), and Bin-gwa into 'apple'(사과)(Malus pumila Mill), and Bin-gwa was reformed from Meut. Thus, Neung-keum is similar to the apple, yet it is' different each other. 2. The imported year of the apple which was reformed from Meut(멋) from China was in 1654 whereas Neung-keum(능금) is a native kind. 3. The apple inscribed by Sa-gwa(沙果) on the present korean language dictionary should be changed into Sa-gwa. The Sa-gwa(沙果) is used as another name of Neug-keum(능금) in China. 4. We can find the bibliographic record that an apple or Neug-keum(능금) had been used as a substitution of San-sa(山사) to be used to Soe-um-in(小陰人). 5. The apple and Neug-keum(능금) are recommended to the Soe-um-in(少陰人) as a food for Yang-ran-ji-gi(陽煖之氣) to be served as Bo-myung-ji-ji(保險之主) to Soe-um-in(少陰人).

• 식물병연구
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.79-83
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• 2021

The aim of the present study was to develop a sensitive and specific detection method for the rapid detection of apple scar skin viroid (ASSVd) in apple leaves. The resulting reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA) assay can be completed in 10 min at 42℃, is 10 times more sensitive than conventional reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and can specifically amplify ASSVd without any cross-reactivity with other common apple viruses, including apple stem grooving virus, apple stem pitting virus, and apple chlorotic leaf spot virus. The reliability of the RT-RPA assay was assessed, and the findings suggested that it can be successfully utilized to detect ASSVd in field-collected samples. The RT-RPA assay developed in the present study provides a potentially valuable means for improving the detection of ASSVd in viroid-free certification programs, especially in resource-limited conditions.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.372-378
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• 2017

과육색이 다르게 발현되는 사과(Malus domestica L.) 품종의 유전자 발현을 비교하기 위해 2개의 cDNA library를 제작하였다. 붉은 색 과육 품종인 'Redfield'와 백색 과육 품종인 'Granny Smith'의 유전자 발현 차이를 보기 위해 차세대 염기서열 분석(NGS) 기술을 사용하였고 두 품종으로부터 얻은 EST의 염기서열을 결정하고 기존에 보고된 유전자와의 상동성을 분석하였다. HRM 기술은 붉은 색 과육 품종 사과와 백색 과육 품종 사과의 짧은 PCR 증폭산물에서 한 개의 서로 다른 염기서열을 구분하여 분리해낼 수 있다. 'Redfield'와 'Granny Smith'의 EST database로부터 103쌍의 단일염기다형성(SNP) 분자표지를 선발하였고, 붉은 색 과육 품종 10개와 백색 과육 품종 11개를 구분할 수 있는 SNP 분자표지를 HRM 방법으로 분석하였다. 본 연구에서는 사과 EST database를 기반으로 HRM 분석 방법을 이용하여 사과 품종의 적육계와 백육계를 구분할 수 있는 효율적인 SNP 분자표지를 개발하였다. 이러한 SNP 분자표지는 사과육종에 유용하게 사용할 수 있으며 사과 품종의 다양한 색 변화에 관한 분자 기작 연구에 좋은 참고자료가 될 수 있을 것이다.

• 식물병연구
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.95-102
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• 2020

사과 바이러스 4종(Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus [ACLSV], Apple stem pitting virus [ASPV], Apple stem grooving virus [ASGV], Apple mosaic virus [ApMV]), 바이로이드 1종(Apple scar skin viroid [ASSVd])을 대상으로 국내 감염률을 조사한 결과, 감염률은 97.3%로 대부분의 사과나무가 바이러스 및 바이로이드에 감염되어 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 지역별로는 정선 98.8%, 단양 100%, 예산 100%, 장수 89.1%, 무주 98.1%였으며, 바이러스 및 바이로이드 각각의 감염률은 ASGV 93.4%, ASPV 85.7%, ACLSV 59.0%, ASSVd 6.7%, ApMV 3.6% 순으로 ASGV의 감염률이 가장 높았고 ApMV의 감염률이 가장 낮은 것으로 조사되었다. 또한, 바이러스 및 바이로이드 2종 이상 복합 감염비율은 84.8%로 단 1종만 감염된 비율인 12.4%와 비교하여 약 7배 가까이 되는 것으로 조사되었다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.123-134
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• 2001

The quality including in situ degradability in the rumen of Holstein of the black locust silage added with apple pomace was investigated in this study. The amount of apple pomace added in different treatments were 0, 20, 40 and 60% respectively. With higher amount of addition of apple pomace in black locust, crude protein content in the silage decreased. Crude protein contents in the apple pomace added silage were in the range between 11.7 and 13.7% and those were significantly lower than 16.3% of 100% black locust silage. The contents of ADF, NDF and crude ash were in the same trend as with crude protein, which were shown more clearly in the 40∼60% addition of apple pomace. Moisture content of 100% black locust silage was 56.7% however it significantly increased according to higher levels of addition of apple pomace(67.1∼73.8%). pH, lactic acid and total organic acid contents in 20∼60% addition of apple Pomace were 3.7∼4.3, 1.3∼2.2%, and 2.1∼6.0% respectively, however in 100% black locust silage those were significantly lower except pH as 5.4, 0.6% and 1.0% respectively. In situ disappearance rates of dry matter and NDF in the rumen were significantly higher at the stapes of incubation after 12h and 24h respectively in 20∼40% addition of apple pomace than in 100% black locust silage. No statistical differences were observed with quickly degradable fraction (a) in the disappearance rates of dry matter and NDF. In dry matter, however slowly degradable fractions (b) of 100% black locust and 60% addition of apple pomace were significantly higher as 99.7 and 99.8% respectively than 37.7∼50.5% of 20∼40% addition of apple pomace. On the contrary, fractional rate of disappearance (c) and effective degradability(ED) were significantly higher in 20∼40% addition of apple pomace as 0.0115∼0.0149 and 30.4∼31.9% respectively than the respective values of 0.0027 and 24.9% of 100% black locust. In NDF, b was significantly higher in apple pomace added silage(38.5∼99.8%) than in 100% black locust silage(14.9%). However, C was significantly lower in apple pomace added silage than in 100% black locust silage.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1529-1529
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• 2001

The watercore in apple is very important factor in storage and sorting of fruit. Most consumers tend to prefer the apple included watercore in immediately after harvest, however the watercore causes fruit flesh to brown during storage and lose the worth after all. But it is practically impossible to judge to the naked eye whether an apple has watercore or not. Therefore, the rapid, accurate and non-destructive analysis method for discrimination of watercore should be settled without delay. In this study we attempted the discrimination and quantitative analysis of watercore in apple fruit using near-infrared transmittance spectroscopy ‘Fuji’ apple fruits produced in Kyungpook of Korea was used in this experiment. The watercore content in apple was evaluated by graphic treatment of culled slice sections(10 mm). NIR transmittance spectra were collected over the 500 to 1000 nm spectral region with a spectrometer (Sentronic Co., Germany). The calibration models were carried out by partial least squares (PLS) analysis between NIR spectra data of apples and chemical data of watercore content. The spectra were different in absorbance between apple included watercore and not included one. Apple included watercore had higher absorption band than sample not included one at 732 and 820 nm. The calibration model seems to be accurate to predict the watercore content in apple fruit, the correlation coefficient (R) and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) were 0.99 and 0.93%, respectively. This result indicates that the PLSR calibration model by using NIR transmittance spectroscopy could be used for discrimination of watercore in apple fruit.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1624-1624
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• 2001

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to investigate the possibility for application in identification of apple cultivars. Three apple cultivars ‘Kamhong, Hwahong, and Fuji’ produced in Korea were scanned over the range of 1100-2500nm using NIRS (Infra Alzer 500). Two types of samples were used for scanning; one was apple with skin and the other was apple without skin. For cultivar identification, the NIR absorbance spectrums were analyzed by qualitative calibration in “Sesame” analysis program, and the various influence properties such as sugar contents, acidity, color, firmness, and micro-structure were compared in scanned samples. The ‘Kamhong’ cultivar could be identified from ‘Hwahong’ and ‘Fuji’ cultivars using the cluster model analysis. The test samples in calibration between ‘Kamhong’ and ‘Fuji’ cultivars could be completely identified. The test samples in calibration between ‘Kamhong’ and ‘Hwahong’ cultivars could be identified most of all. But, ‘Hwahong’ and ‘Fuji’ cultivars could not be quite classified each other. The apple skin influenced the identification process of apple cultivars. The samples without skin were more difficult to classify in calibration than the samples with skin. The physicochemical properties of apple cultivars showed like the result of identification in calibration using NIRS. Some physicochemical properties of ‘Kamhong’ cultivar were different from those of the other cultivars. Those of ‘Hwahong’ and ‘Fuji’ cultivars showed. similar to each other. The sucrose contents of ‘Kamhong’ cultivar were higher and the fructose contents and firmness of skin and flesh were lower than those of the others. The hypodermis layer of skin in ‘Kamhong’ cultivar was thinner than those of the others. In this studies, the identification of all apple cultivars by NIRS was not quite accurate because of the physicochemical properties which were different in the same cultivar, and inconsistent patterns by culivars in some properties. To solve these problems in NIRS application for apple cultivar identification, further study should be focused on the use of peculiar properties among the apple cultivars.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.295-302
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• 2000

The quality of the rice straw silage added with apple pomace was investigated in this study and the amount of apple pomace added in different treatments were 0, 20, 40 and 60%, respectively. Crude protein contents (6.4-7.5%) of rice straw silage added with apple pomace were significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of 100%. rice straw silage (5.3%), however, crude ash contents were lower (P<0.05) in supplementation of apple pomace. The trends of changing chemical composition between raw materials and end products of silages particularly in the contents of crude protein and crude ash were more apparent in the silages added with apple pomace by 40-60%. Values of pH and the contents of lactic acid and total acid in 40-60% apple pomace added silages were 3.9-4.1, 1.0- 1.5% and 2.7-4.5%, respectively which were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of 4.6, 0.02% and 0.34% in 100% rice straw silage, respectively. In situ dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) disappearance rates in the rumen in the treatments of 40- 60% apple pomace added silages were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of 100% rice straw silage particularly since after 3 and 24 hour incubation on DM and NDF disappearance, respectively. Although quickly degraded fraction (a) among the treatments were not significantly different, 28.4-28.5% of slowly degraded fraction (b) and 27.2-27.4% of effective degradability (ED, k=0.08) for DM were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of 100% rice straw silage (12.5 and 24.6% respectively). NDF was in the same trend as in DM. 31.6-63.2% of NDF for b fraction and 18.7- 19.4% for ED in 40-60% apple pomace added silages were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of 100% rice straw silage (12.4 and 17.6% respectively). (Key words : Rice straw silage, Apple pomace, Lactic acid, In situ digestibility, Effective degradability)

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.271-276
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• 2015

Crab apple cultivars, 'Maypole', 'Tuscan', and 'Manchurian', were evaluated as potential pollinizers of major apple cultivars, 'Fuji', 'Hongro', and 'Tsugaru', cultivated in high-density apple orchard systems. Numerous cultivar characteristics, including blooming time, pollen germination, fruit set, disease and pest resistance, and self-incompatibility, were examined. The blooming times of both 'Maypole' and 'Tuscan' ranged from April 19 to May 5, which was 2-4 days earlier than those of the major commercial apple cultivars. PCR analysis did not reveal the presence of any of the S-alleles (S1, S3, S7, or S9) identified in major commercial apple cultivars. In addition, the percentage of the fruit set was high after trees were artificially fertilized with crab apple pollen. Artificially cross-pollinated fruits were of similar or higher quality than open-pollinated fruits. They also demonstrated resistance to apple blotch, sooty blotch, and fly speck. The results indicate that the two crab apples, 'Maypole' and 'Tuscan' would be potential candidates for pollinizers of major apple cultivars in Korea. Use of the pollen of these crap apples in commercial production will improve fruit quality and promote sustainable and robust fruit production.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.747-757
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to enhance the quality of kochujang Apple juice was added to traditional Kochujang at 0%, 20%, 40%, 60 and 80%. Physicochemical and microbial characteristics were periodically investigated during at room temperature during a 90 day fermentation period. The moisture content of the apple Kochujang was higher than that of the control, while the salt content of the apple Kochujang was lower than that of the control, At first, the sweetness of the apple Kochujang showed no significant difference from the control; however, its sweetness increased during the 90 days. In all treatments, the pH value decreased during the fermentation period, while the titratable acidity increased during the fermentation period. Viscosity decreased greatly after 30 days. Sugar reduction was higher in the apple Kochujang than in the control, and its concentration increased with apple juice content. According to the analysis of free sugar, glucose, fructose, and maltose had an especially high ratio in the apple Kochujang. The organic acids detected in Kochujang were citric acid, malic acid, oxalic acid and lactic acids. The content of citric acid and malic acid were higher than the other acids in the apple Kochujang. L, a, and b values generally decreased during the fermentation period. When the Kochujang was made, the number of the total viable cells was $10^7\;CFU/g$. At room temperature, the number steadily increased up to the 30th day, then steadily decreased on the 90th day. After that, there was no significant change. The number of yeasts was $10^6\;CFU/g$ at the end of the 90th day. After the 90th day of fermentation, sensory results showed that the 60~80% apple juice Kochujang showed the best taste, appearance, texture, and overall quality.