• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
• /
• v.18 no.6
• /
• pp.1257-1266
• /
• 2009

The developments of consumption culture and mass media have caused consumers to take a greater interest in appearance, and as a result, the appearance related industry has been rapidly developed. Since appearance serves as a means to attain a smooth and successful social life, women invest a lot of time in cultivating their appearance more prominently than others and are more agreeable to the criteria of beauty in society. This study is to analyze the degree of satisfaction of appearance in teens to women in their 50s as classified by their lifestyle. For the data analysis, the statistical program, SPSS WIN 14.0 was used. First, the results of examining the degree of interest in appearance, the degree of bodily satisfaction, and the degree of bodily importance showed that the interest in appearance was highest in the fashion pursuing group. The degree of bodily importance was highest in the economy-oriented group. Second, appearance management attitudes showed significant differences m hair attitudes, makeup attitudes, skin attitudes, face-lifting attitudes, and clothing attitudes, depending on the types of lifestyle. Third, it could be seen that the conservative-oriented groups were doing more skin care management than the other groups.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
• /
• v.18 no.5
• /
• pp.606-616
• /
• 2016

We intend an empirical assessment of examining the differences in the appearance management behaviors and demographic variables among groups classified by the clothing consumption values. The questionnaires are administered to 493 female and male adults above 20 years old in Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, Daegu and Kyungpook regions. For analysis of data from 478 respondents, descriptive statistics, cluster analysis, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, ANOVA, Duncan test and ${\chi}^2$ test were applied. We show the following results. First, Factor analyses were employed for the clothing consumption values and appearance management behaviors. Six factors were for clothing consumption values: Individuality, appearance attractive, social, functional, conditional and fashion clothing consumption value. Four factors were for appearance management behaviors: weight training, skin care, hair care, make-up and clothing selection. According to clothing consumption values, four groups were classified: the passive, functional, social, and active group. We did cluster analysis to the appearance management behaviors of weight training, skin care, hair care, make-up and clothing selection. Second, the social and active groups were more interested in individuality, appearance attractive, social, functional, conditional and fashion clothing value. And they were also more involved in appearance management behaviors. Third, among the demographic variables, the single and female in 20s and 30s with higher level of education belonged to the active group. In this contribution, we find significant differences in the appearance management behavior and demographic variables classified by the clothing consumption values.

• Journal of Fashion Business
• /
• v.16 no.6
• /
• pp.144-159
• /
• 2012

This study was to examine the effect of standards of selecting jeans and appearance management behavior on leisure lifestyle. Questionnaires were administered to 253 college students living in Deagu and Kyoungbuk. Data were analyzed by using frequency, factor analysis, regression analysis, t-test, and ${\chi}^2$-test. The findings are as follows. Factor structure of each concept appeared to be brand-valued, functionality valued and design-valued for standards of selecting jeans, diet management, exercise management, weight management and appearance satisfaction. Leisure lifestyle consisted of sports activity-type, sociality-type and self-management-type while value lifestyle consisted of active sociality-oriented, family-oriented and economic feasibility-oriented. There was a significant difference in brand-valued and design-valued of standards of selecting jeans and in frequency of wearing jeans male students showed higher than female students. The result of this study showed brand-valued, diet management, exercise management, weight management, and appearance satisfaction had significant effect on sports activity-type and design-valued and weight management had significant effect on sociality-type. Brand-valued affected self-management-type significantly and brand-valued, design-valued, diet management and appearance satisfaction had a significant effect on active sociality-oriented and brand-valued and diet management affected family-oriented.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.187-197
• /
• 2013

This study examined the ideal type of a man that women prefer and the recognition of men for their own appearance management with the rise of the importance for appearance management today. The prerequisite which matters most in time of considering a man as a date of love predominantly was centered on education, and the prerequisite which goes first among the rest in time of judging a man as the mate of marriage was undoubtedly his financial status. It is regarded that as for a date of love the visual image or the specialty other than the conditions in reality mattered most, and concerning a mate in marriage the actual financial conditions had the priority. When a man is evaluated, the percentage of appearance took the highest rate of 60~80%, and in his appearance, the general harmony was considered as the most important factor. As for the recognition of men for their appearance management, women tend to have an affirmative realization for managing their own appearance in general, and the reason was they believe that the way men take care of their own appearance belongs to personal free will. The perception for a man with a decent appearance was very positive, and the ground for this was that once the appearance looks handsome, he seems gorgeous. The recognition for men's cosmetic surgery showed the affirmation over the average, and an opinion that the settlement of personal appearance complex will help them out emerged as the ground for this affirmation, and so it is regarded that the aesthetic surgery of today and the perception for men's appearance management have become universal phenomena unlike former days with the reflection of visualization of the external visual and lookism shown from various media.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.119-134
• /
• 2003

Recently 'lookism' is prevalent in Korean society. Lookism is a thought that one of causes of unequality of the mankinds is the appearance. The appearance is not only endowed but is made by efforts. Korean market related beauty including cosmetics occupied over $15billion. The purpose of this study is to find the determinants of the appearance management behaviors. Considering social characteristics of Korea and previous literatures, Collectivism, body image were chosen as an explaining variables. And self-esteem, attitudes toward sex roles and the shopping orientation and some demographic variables were selected. For the data analysis, 514 questionnaire for male and female in Daegu were collected. The determinants of appearance management behaviors were perceived level of living, concerns toward thinness, shopping orientation, appearance evaluation, female, family oriented thinking, belief in appearance power, attitude toward sex roles.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.331-347
• /
• 2012

The purpose of this study was to explore how the Theory of Planned Behavior applies to five appearance management behaviors and the effects of three variables - attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavior control on appearance management behaviors. The research was conducted by surveying 410 female adult respondents between the ages of 20 to 40 with the goal of predicting the appearance management behavior of women. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 19.0 and Amos 19 in addition to Frequency analysis and path analysis. In the first case, the potential for applying appearance management theory on appearance management behavior of women was observed. The appearance management behavior performed by women was classified into five categories: skin care behavior, makeup management behavior, apparel management behavior, hair care behavior, and weight management behavior. It was determined all five behaviors could be predicted by applying the Theory of Planned Behavior. In the second case, effects of attitude related to subjective norm and perceived behavior control related to skin care behavior was statistically significant. In terms of makeup management behavior, all of the three variables were statistically significant. With regard to apparel management behavior, only subjective norm behavior was statistically significant. Concerning hair care behavior, attitude and perceived behavior control were statistically significant. On weight management behavior only attitude was statistically significant.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.15 no.12
• /
• pp.273-284
• /
• 2015

The purpose of the study is to investigate baseline data by exploring the self-esteem and general appearance management behavior in North Korean immigrant women. The data were collected from December 2014 to February 2015 from 201 participants. The data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0 program. The followings are the results of the present study. 1) The mean score of self-esteem was 2.40 in 4 points, and the mean of the appearance concern was 3.20 in 5 points. And the mean of general appearance management behavior was 2.67 in 5 points. Subjects had a lot of make-up and clothes behaviors. However exercise, food intake behaviors of subjects were lowerer than average. 2) There were significant differences between self-esteem, the appearance concern and general charateristeics(e.g age, intent weight loss, interest in cosmetic surgery). In general appearance management behavior, there was a significant difference among age, interest in cosmetic surgery and job in North Korea. 3) There was a significant correlation among self-esteem and the appearance concern, general appearance management behavior, age, intent weight control as well as interest in cosmetic surgery. In the appearance concern, it showed a correlation with general appearance management behavior, age, intent weight control as well as interest in cosmetic surgery. In general appearance management behavior, there was a significant correlation among the age, intent weight control and interest in cosmetic surgery. 4) 44.7% of general appearance management behavior was explained: self-esteem, the appearance concern. Therefore, it can be suggested that utilization of developing programs for improving self-esteem and appearance management behavior.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
• /
• v.53 no.3
• /
• pp.165-179
• /
• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the Influence of self-perceived physical attractiveness on self-esteem and appearance management behavior cf adult women. The data for this study were collected using questionnaire from 511 adult women living in Kwangju, Korea. The data were analysed using frequency, variance analysis, Duncan's multiple range test, and cross-taps. The results were as follows 1. The focuses of respondents' appearance management behaviors were largely centered on facial and skin texture improvement and hair styling. The frequency of all the Plastic surgeries was not so high, but intention of them was much higher than the practice. 2. The self-perceived physical attractiveness of the respondents influenced significantly on their self-esteem. 3. The self-perceived physical attractiveness of the respondents influenced significantly on their several appearance management behaviors excluding plastic surgeries. 4. The self-esteem of respondents influenced significantly on their several appearance management behaviors excluding plastic surgeries.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.305-318
• /
• 2008

The purpose of this study was to analyze the appearance management behavior and ornament wearing practices in relation to the body satisfaction and body image. The questionnaire was administrated to 261 female college students in Chungbuk area. Most respondents were dissatisfied with their bodies, especially with weight and lower part of their body. Among three factors of body image, they showed a great concern about appearance of body itself than body shape management and physical attractiveness. Most female students attempted ear-piercing and hair dyeing as appearance management behavior. They preferred to wear earrings, necklaces and rings, in the order. There was a significant relationship between body satisfaction and body image. Also, there were significant relationships among body image, appearance management behavior, and ornament wearing practices.

• Journal of Fashion Business
• /
• v.16 no.5
• /
• pp.164-177
• /
• 2012

The purpose of this study was to classify sex role identity into groups and analyze the difference of social face sensitivity and appearance management behaviors by sex role identity. Questionnaires were administered to 306 people in their twenties and thirties living in Daegu Metropolitan City and Kyoungbuk province. The data was analyzed by using frequency, factor analysis, credibility, ${\chi}^2$-test, ANOVA, Duncan-test, and t-test. The findings were as follows. Sex role identity were classified into four groups (androgyny, masculineness, feminineness, and undifferentiation). Men in androgyny group showed the highest rate of 41.3% followed by undifferentiation(24.7%), masculineness(21.3%), and feminineness(12.7%). Women in undifferentiation group showed the highest rate of 35.9% followed by feminineness(24.4%), androgyny(23.7%), and masculineness(16.0%). Social face sensitivity were composed of four factors (consciousness of being embarrassed, social formality, other consciousness, and prestige). Appearance management behaviors were composed of six factors (skin management, fashion image management, plastic surgery management, weight management, hair management, and health management). According to the result of a significant difference between social face sensitivity and appearance management behaviors by sex role identity, male showed significant difference between the sub-variables of social face sensitivity factors (consciousness of being embarrassed, social formality, and other consciousness). Both of the male and female showed a significance of difference in consciousness of being embarrassed, and social formality. Male showed significant difference between the sub-variables of appearance management behaviors factors (fashion image management, weight management, hair management, and health management). Both of the male and female showed a significance of difference in fashion image management. Gender of twenties and thirties showed distinction between the sub-variables of social face sensitivity factors (consciousness of being embarrassed, and prestige) and appearance management behaviors (skin management, fashion image management, plastic surgery management, weight management, and hair management).