• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.61-67
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• 2001

The purpose of this thesis was to provide the basic data for landscape architecture of apartment constructions and to minimize the users´ and builder´ loss in terms of finance and landscape due to defects in planting. After a review of literature related to defects of planting work, the researcher investigated the defects in planting of landscape plants on the basis of data from the drawing and defect-repair construction of 50 civil apartment complexes in Daegu and Kyongbook are from 1994 to 1998. The defect-ratio was analysed in terms of the species, shapes, and sizes of trees. It provides matters for consideration in terms of the design of the landscape planting on the apartment unit. It also provided the future directions for landscape architecture in apartment constructions with regard to the selection of the planting trees, etc., given statistics on defect occurrence. The causes of defect of the landscape planting trees were not studied accurately in this study due to the board range of researched area, the differences of the planting ground environment, the management ability, and the parameters of judging planting defects. It is recommended that those areas should be researched in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.6 s.107
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• pp.52-67
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• 2005

The purposes of this study were to classify the changing periods of apartment outdoor space in Korea and to clearly understand the specific characteristics of each period. The study has been done through on-site observation of apartment complexes, and through the analysis of housing estate planning techniques, rules and regulations affecting outdoor spaces during the rapidly developing era. The results of this study shows that three major periods with distinct characteristics were found, which were as follows: 1) The first well defined period spans from 1960 to 1990. In this period, apartment construction was rapid, and as a result, quality of housing environments were sacrificed. As little attention was given to the landscapes in apartment complex, they were constructed very simple and identical in outdoor space of apartment complex. This period can be referred to as the 'commonly universal period in apartment outdoor space'. 2) The second period spans from 1991 to 1996, during which time a housing construction project for two million residences was completed in order to significantly stimulate the provision of houses to the general public. As a result, regulations were relaxed causing housing environments to deteriorate. Although apartments were constructed very close together, there was some diversification and experimentation in outdoor styles. This period can be referred to as the 'congestion period of apartment outdoor space'. 3) The third period spans from 1997 to the present. During this time the number of unsold apartments has grown considerably throughout the country. Many different apartment complex marketing strategies have been employed to reduced the glut of unsold apartments. This experimental trend has continued and been well-received since the IMF period. The distinguishing characteristics of this period are the introduction of a rich natural landscape, the increase in communications among residents, the human oriented design, and the refined and elegant design for the outdoor street furnitures. As a result, this period can be named the "differentiation period of apartment outdoor space".

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 1990

The purpose of this study is to suggest objective basic data for the apartment interior landscape project through the quantitative analysis of the apartment residents' satisfaction on the apartment interior landscape. 1. The major variables related to the interior landscape expert's satisfaction were the interest of the broadcasting of the interior landscape, garden belong to oneself, the intention of the modification of the apartment framework for the interior plantscape, the illumination for the indoor Plants, the season feeling through the int erior plantscape, the psychological effect of the indoor plants, income, the apartment framework and interior plants, the experience and knowledge about the indoor plants, floor space, utilizing veranda as a garden. 2. The major variables related to the general residents' satisfaction included the experience and knowledge on the indoor plants, veranda space, the season feeling through the interior plantscape, the illumination for the interior plants, the interest of the broadcasting of the interior landscape, the intention of the modification of the apartment framework for the interior plantscape. 3. According to the multiple regression analysis, the 'R2'of the major variables related to the experts' satisfaction has been obtained as 75.55%, and that of the varibles related to the general residents' satisfaction, 23.49 %. 4. Such variables as the season feeling through the interior plantscape, the Interest of the broadcasting of the interior landscape, and the intention of the modification of the apartment framework for the interior plantscape for the exports and the general residents are supposed that we develope new interior plants as well as the interior plantscape for the growth of the plants regarding the apartment framework. 5. The interior landscape experts were more positive than the general residents in using the interior landscape materials including indoor plants. 6. The feelings about building layout and the satisfaction in exterior spaces expended the interior landscape, visually, were reasons for the satisfaction of the apartment interior landscape.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.63-75
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• 2009

This study carried out to analysis the characteristics of periodic changes of landscape facilities with the apartment sites in Cheongju City. The construction periods were divided into the introduction stage (the 1980s), the development stage (the 1990s), and the maturity stage (after 1999). As for the apartment sites constructed in the introduction stage (the 1980s), their landscape facilities were restricted to play and resting facilities. Some of them even were constructed without rest facilities. Since the focus was on the affluent supply of houses in the 1980s, they put a greater emphasis on quantity than quality. Entering the development stage in the 1990s, they started to pave the sidewalks and driveways separately within the apartment sites and build parking lots underground. After 1999, they entered the maturity stage, where the outside spaces of apartment sites began to reflect environment-friendly designs and the initiatives to improve residential environments. The major causes behind the introduction of high-grade materials in landscape facilities in the open spaces of apartment sites are the upgraded level of living standards and the diversified patterns of activities taking place in the open spaces. The environmental formative works were placed alongside waterscape spaces to create a beautiful and harmonious landscape.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.71-82
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• 2004

During the IMF period the unsold of apartment housing was significantly increased due to financial problems. Apartment constructors had to severely struggle with fund problems and even some of them were bankrupted. Due to this fact, they had to find new marketing strategies to sell the apartment complexes even with low margins. One of the solutions was that housing companies could present a distinctive and outstanding outdoor space in apartment complexes. The purpose of this study was to investigate such differentiated marketing strategies by reviewing the apartment housing advertisements during the IMF period. The major findings through this study were as follows: 1. During the IMF period housing companies presented a distinctive and outstanding outdoor space in apartment complexes. In 1999, which was the peak of the IMF impact, there were frequent advertisements for apartment housing in daily newspapers. 2. Daily newspapers had been mostly used for advertising the apartments. A thorough review of them is very valuable in investigating differentiated marketing strategies of the outdoor space in apartment complexes. 3. The main theme of differentiation of outdoor space can be summarized as : Emphasis of the importance of healthy life, application of environment-friendly facilities, and use of traditional korean style elements in apartment complexes.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.545-550
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• 2021

Background and objective: With increasing land use intensity in urban areas, apartment buildings have been recognized as a typical type of urban residence. In this study, the impacts of different views through a window on health-related responses were investigated using psychological and physiological parameters. Methods: Photos of three different types of views taken on low (2-12 m), middle (28-35 m), and high (over 54 m) floors of dense apartment building areas were used as visual stimuli. Twenty-two healthy adults participated in the indoor experiment. Semantic differential methods and profile of mood states were used as psychological tools. Autonomic nervous activity was evaluated using blood pressures, pulse rate and heart rate variability (HRV). Results: Analytic data showed different characteristics of psychological and physiological outcomes in three different apartment views. In the analysis of psychological parameters, significantly negative responses to the views on middle floors were found in the subscales of tension-anxiety and anger-hostility, compared to low floors. Significantly positive scores in the subscale of vigor were found on low floors with abundance of vegetation and high floors with a view of the sky. A significantly increased value of HF was found on low floors (2,294.96 ± 169.79), compared to the middle(1,553.45 ± 84.66) and high (1,523.02 ± 70.49) floors. Despite the high scores in openness and vigor, high floor views showed significantly higher LF/HF values (1.83 ± 0.09), the indicator of the sympathetic nervous system, than low (1.30 ± 0.07) and middle floor views (1.34 ± 0.06), which might be related to the unconscious fear of heights. Conclusion: Views from different heights in an apartment building can affect the psychological states of residents. Green space through the window may have a positive health outcome by reducing physiological stress.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.3 s.110
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• pp.31-42
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• 2005

Much has been made of the changes over time to apartment complexes during the era of rapid development in Korea. This study aimed at analyzing the chronological changes since the 1970s in the laws and regulations governing outdoor space and the residents' appreciation of outdoor space in Daejeon's apartment complexes. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: 1. Similar changes can be found throughout Daejeon's apartment complexes. As time has passed, the building-to-land ratio and the floor-to-land ratio have deceased. The high density trend of apartment complexes has continued until very recently. 2. Although residents' satisfaction with outdoor space around apartments has improved, land for athletic and commercial spaces still remains at its lowest level. Therefore, these kinds of spaces need improvement. 3. Comparing the characteristics of outdoor space in apartment complexes from the 1980s to present indicates that current apartment residents are much more satisfied with the outdoor space, but are conscious of the lack of adequate facilities for the elderly and the handicapped people, and of the hiか density of their apartment complexes. Therefore, these essential consciousness should also be further improved. 4. The residents are gradually becoming aware of changes to the outdoor space that have occurred over time in the apartment complexes, such as in the areas allowed to parking, pedestrians, and athletics. 5. These chronological changes relate to the residents' interest in the changes that have occurred to the outdoor space, especially the convenience of parking, the color of the buildings, the form of the buildings, and the shape of the roofs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 2012

To investigate the air temperature difference between windward and leeward side at high-rise building area, the air temperature and relative humidity data were observed for 10 minute interval from July 9, 2011 to November 30, 2011. The observed data were compared, analyzed and examined to illustrate air temperature between windward side (H Apartment) and Leeward side (W Apartment). The diurnal and seasonal variation of air temperature difference between windward and leeward site were also investigated. After the analysis, the overheat of windward side by $0.4^{\circ}C$ irrespective short distance of two observation positions. It was also lower than those of surrounding air temperature observing stations. It is mainly due to the air temperature decreasing effects of leeward side of high rise buildings.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.297-311
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• 1998

Landscaping on artificial ground is currently served as a means to imposing a greenery benefit on high-density and high-rise apartment sites. It functions as a sub-hierarchy in apartment planning such as ornamental element from the past. Major parking space tends to be allocated on the basement area in response to the required parking regulation. Therefore, competitive relatioinship between the parking and greenery space I limited outdoor of apartments leads to the development planning strategy and technology of artificial ground. This study aims at evaluating landscape planning on artificial ground of apartment complex through several approaches such as site survey, plan drawing analysis, and interview with related field experts. 15 survey apartment sites including Bundang Model, Shindaebang-dong, Pyoungchon Hyundai Apartments have been selected for conducting the research. Main results of this study are summarized below : First, scattering allocation of artificial ground between apartment building units is a dominant plan layout type among the survey sites. Even though unifying allocation type has an advantage to maximize underground parking space, it has a difficulty in maintaining proper soil ground base for nurturing plants. Therefore, underground parking space should be planned by unifying allocation type placed separately from apartment units. This plan type can provide a balanced planting between soil and artificial ground on surface level. Second, It is strongly recommended to integrate the whole planting base which involves architectural structure, drainage, and water proofing above the planting design. When considering that process as a professional subject dealing with natural material such as trees and shrubs, those tasks should be directed by landscape architectural divison and landscape architect. And planting area for artificial ground has to be specified in initial phase of architectural design. This step provides an opportunity to make a proper decision on structural load, drainage, and water proof design as an integrated part of the management.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.653-663
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• 2019

This study aims to find out methods to more efficiently maintain and manage landscape areas within apartment complexes by analyzing various factors related to landscape management and managers' perception. The following results were obtained. First, 50.3% of the surveyed apartment complexes performed own landscaping, while 25.2% hired landscaping services partially, which indicates that apartment management offices maintained facilities by themselves or partially hired landscaping companies due to a shortage of funds. Second, among apartments that perform own landscaping, 37.5% of them were built more than 20 years ago, while 34.3% of apartment complexes that were built less than 5 years ago were found to hire professional management. Regarding the total number of households, 34.7% of those that perform own landscaping had less than 300 households, while 48.6% of those that hire full landscaping had more than 2,000 households. Third, regarding landscaping cost, 63.9% of those that perform own landscaping spent less than 20 KRW per square meter, while 28.6% of those that hire full landscaping spent less than 20 KRW per square meter and 25.7% spent less than 50 KRW per square meter, showing that the management cost was higher in the apartments hiring full landscaping. Fourth, work types also showed differences between landscape management types. Only 50.9% of self landscaping apartment complexes were found to regularly trim trees, while 91.4% of apartments that hire full landscaping services performed the same tasks, keeping trees healthy and visibly more appealing. Fifth, the apartments hiring full landscaping showed a higher level of work satisfaction (3.46) than those performing own landscaping (2.67). Sixth, on the matter of the level of satisfaction depending on the type of work, most items showed a statistically significance in apartments hiring full landscaping (3.11-3.43 on average), compared to apartments performing own landscaping (2.4-2.9 on average). Apartment managers showed a relatively higher satisfaction level in landscape management by hiring professional landscaping services.