• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.1 s.61
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• pp.71-75
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• 2005

There are wide variations in the definition and functions of tri-jiao among investigators in the area of Chinese medicine. Given a wide spectrum of views, it is difficult to identify uniform opinions about the definition and functions of tri-jiao. This paper is intended to clarify the meaning of the tri-jiao, which was presented as 'it builds a waterway and serves as the passage for the flow of Shuidao' in ${\ulcorner}\;SuWen\;\cdot\;Linglanbidianlun\;{\lrcorner}$ a classic text of traditional Chinese medicine. Investigators have been divided in their opinions in interpreting this reference; some claim that tri-jiao regulates fluid metabolism in the entire body while others assert that the role of tri-jiao is limited to lower-jiao that controls urination function. However, this does not appear convincing given the description in other texts of ${\ulcorner}\;SuWen\;\cdot\;Linglanbidianlun\;{\lrcorner}$, in which functions of 12 organs were explained in a summarized manner. The assumption that the role of tri-jiao is closely linked with lower-jiao seems to have deviated from the meaning of the original texts. Besides, fluid metabolism involves the entire body, and any pathological changes caused by disorders of fluid metabolism can affect any part of the body, not only the lower area of the body cavity. The phrase, 'passage for the flow of Shuidao,' expressed in the texts of ${\ulcorner}\;SuWen\;\cdot\;Linglanbidianlun\;{\lrcorner}$ is likely to mean that body fluid is also distributed and transported to the whole body along with primordial-Qi via tri-jiao. The phrase, 'passage for the flow of Shuidao' means that tri-jiao is involved in regulating body fluid metabolism and that it plays an important role in fluid distribution.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.27-30
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• 2020

Among lesions in the larynx, laryngeal contact granuloma due to persistent tissue irritation can typically be attributed to endotracheal intubation, vocal abuse, or gastro-esophageal reflux disease. Treatment typically includes voice therapy, lifestyle changes and use of anti-reflux medication. Microsurgical removal is only indicated in cases of severe dyspnea due to mass size. Foreign body granuloma is a response of to any foreign material in the tissue. Foreign body granulomas are sometimes misdiagnosed as soft tissue tumors when the causative foreign body is not initially found. Delayed treatment of these foreign bodies may cause complications. We present a case of larynx granuloma due to impacted foreign body, probably fish bone, in the larynx that mimicked contact granuloma. We initially used anti-reflux medication, but to no avail. The laryngeal mass, observed through laryngoscopy, showed no improvement and therefore necessitated a proper pathologic diagnosis. We were able to successfully treat it via trans-oral laser CO2 microsurgery before any complications developed.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.82 no.4
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• pp.503-515
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• 2022

The multi-rigid-body matrix method (MRBMM) is a generalized modeling method for obtaining the displacements, forces, and dynamic characteristics of a compliant mechanism without performing inner-force analysis. The method discretizes a compliant mechanism of any type into flexure hinges and rigid bodies by implementing a multi-body mass-spring model using coordinate transformations in a matrix form. However, in this method, the deformations of bodies that are assumed to be rigid are inherently omitted. Consequently, it may yield erroneous results in certain mechanisms. In this paper, we present a multi-compliant-body matrix-method (MCBMM) that considers a rigid body as a compliant element, while retaining the generalized framework of the MRBMM. In the MCBMM, a rigid body in the MRBMM is segmented into a certain number of body nodes and flexure hinges. The proposed method was verified using two examples: the first (an XY positioning stage) demonstrated that the MCBMM outperforms the MRBMM in estimating the static deformation and dynamic mode. In the second example (a bridge-type displacement amplification mechanism), the MCBMM estimated the displacement amplification ratio more accurately than several previously proposed modeling methods.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.893-907
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• 2001

The main purpose is to study the effects of princess lines on different body types and to disguise any imperfection by using diverse princess lines. We separated testers body shapes into specific body types, H, Y by applying both the direct and the indirect measurements. These designs were evaluated by using the point ranking system method, and then average scores were obtained from these evaluations. Following are the results of the study: 1 These are the resulting illusion effects when the shoulder width of the Princess line was fixed. When the Princess line originated from 1/3 point of the armhole, body types Y appeared to show narrow waist width. A-line silhouette appeared to display the narrowest shoulder width. When the Princess line originated from 2/3 point of the armhole, body types H and Y appeared to exhibit narrowest waist widths, and the A-line silhouette once again displayed the narrowest shoulder width. When the Princess line originated from 1/2 point of the armhole, body type H appeared to exhibit narrow width; and H-line silhouette displayed the narrowest shoulder width 2. When the Princess lines waist w'4th was fixed in order to study illusion effects of waist widths. In this experiment, locations of Princess lines and widths of the skirt were varied. When the waist width was fixed at 6.5 cm, For the H body type, the Princess line location of 1/3 point of the armhole in H-line silhouette design exhibited the narrowest waist width. For the Y body type in A-line silhouette design, the Princess line locations of 1/3 and 1/2 points of the armhole exhibited the narrowest waist width because it displayed the hourglass effect. When the waist width was fixed at 10 cm, H body type did not exhibit any significant differences between designs. For Y body type, A-line silhouette design with the Princess line origination point at 1/3 down the armhole exhibited the narrowest waist width. 3. The illusion effects of the hip were studied by fixating the width of the skirt and varying the locations of Princess line and waist widths. In H-line skirt silhouette designs, all two body types exhibited narrow hips when the Princess line origination points were at 1/3 and 1/2 way down the armhole. For A-line skirt silhouette, H body type exhibited narrow hips when narrow waist design with the Princess line originating from 1/2 point in the shoulder was shown. Y body type exhibited narrow hips when narrow waist design with the Princess line originating from 1/3 point of the armhole and 2/3 point of the shoulder. 4. With both waist and skirt widths fixed, all two body types exhibited taller and slender postures when the Princess line originated from the shoulder compare to the armhole.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.16 no.4 s.44
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• pp.405-416
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• 1992

This study was performed to investigate correlation between total body weight loss and local sweat rate and to find out any possible method that can estimate total body weight loss judging from local sweat rate. Twelve adult females were kept at 44 $\pm1^{\circ}C$, 50 ${\pm}5\%$ R.H. (1) Physiological responses such as total body weight loss, local sweat rate, rectal temperature, skin temperature, blood pressure and pulse, (2) micro climate inside garment and (3) subjective sensation were examined. Two types of garment such as long-sleeves with long pants (Type I) and half·sleeves with short pants (Type II) were used to observe the effect of garment types on sweating response. Both clothing weight was equal (132$\pm$3 g/$m^{2}$). The results were as follows: 1. Regardless of the different types, total body weight loss was more interrelated with the sweat rate on forehead than any other parts of the body. Except the forehead, different parts of body with different types of garment influenced on body weight loss quite differently. 2. Total body weight loss was more interrelated with the weight gain of garment than the local sweat rate. 3. Under the environment of 44$\pm1^{\circ}C,\;50{\pm}5\%$R.H., body weight loss during 1 hour of subject clothed and silted was 275.2 g/hr and weight loss per body surface area was 178.9 g/$m^{2}/hr$ Garment types have no influences on total body weight loss. 4. Local sweat rate (mg/7.07 $cm^{2}/hr$) was 208.0,191.0, 133.0, 115.0,81 0, 75.1 and 66.3 on scruff, breast, forehead, forearm, thigh, upper arm, leg respectively No evidence has been found that garment types influenced on local sweat rate (p<0.1). 5. No interrelationships between rectal temperature and total body weight loss, local skin temperature and total body weight loss, and local skin temperature and local sweat rate were found. From this study, some possible method that we can estimate total body' weight loss judging from weight loss of garment. But considering the fact that clothing design factor, the physical characteristics of fabric and environmental factor such as humidity and wind velocity should be concerned in weight loss of garment, it should be studied further whether the total body weight loss can be estimated properly from the weight loss of garment. This experiment suggest that different parts of body with different types of garment can influence on body weight loss quite differently. Therefore, in order to get more precise results, more studies under the diversity of garment types should be done in the near future.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.417-421
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• 2010

The aim of this study was to determine the changes of body weight, organ weight, hematological values and biochemical parameters by testosterone (Testos) on the orchidectomized (Orch) rats. The animals were divided into 4 groups. Intact group (n=10) received no treatment and operation. Sham group (n=10) received only sham operation and no treatment. Orch group received operation and no treatment. Orch+Testos received operation and testosterone. The body weights of each group increased, but that of Orch+Testos group was significantly lower in Orch+Testos group than in all the other groups. There were significant differences (P<0.05, P<0.001) of body weights between Orch+Testos group and all the other groups. Also, organ weights such as heart, liver, spleen and kidney were measured. The heart weights were significantly lower (P<0.001) in the Orch+Testos group than in all the other groups. The liver weights in the Orch+Testos group were significantly differences in comparison with those in the Sham (P<0.001) and Orch group (P<0.05). On the other hand, there were no significantly differences in the organ weights of spleen and kidney between the Orch+Testos group and the any other groups. The hematological values of white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were no significant differences in any other groups. The concentrations of serum total protein and albumin increased significantly (P<0.05) in the Orch+Testos group as compared to that in the Orch group. However, there were no significant differences in Ca, IP and Mg in any other groups. We conclude that testosterone was significantly decreased the body weight in the orchidectomized rats. Our findings suggest that testosterone may influence the process of lipid packaging and absorption in the orchidectomized rats.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.63-68
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• 2011

The present study was devised to determine the effects of body weight, organ weight, hematological values and biochemical parameters by vitamin E and selenium (Selevit) on the Orch rats. The animals were divided into 4 groups. Intact group (n=10) received no treatment and operation. Sham group (n=10) received only sham operation and no treatment. Orch group received operation and no treatment. Orch+Selevit received operation and Selevit. The body weights of each group increased, but that of the Orch+Selevit group were significantly lower than those of all the other groups. There were significant differences (P<0.001) of body weights between Orch+Selevit group and all the other groups. Also, organ weights such as heart, liver, spleen and kidney were measured. The heart weights were significantly lower (P<0.001) in the Orch+Selevit group than in Intact and Sham group. The liver weights in the Orch+Selevit group were significantly differences (P<0.001) in comparison with those in the Intact and Sham groups. The kidney weights in the Orch+Selevit group were significantly differences (P<0.01, P<0.001) in comparison with those in all the other groups. On the other hand, there were no significantly differences in the organ weights of spleen between the Orch+Selevit groups and the any other groups. The number of white blood cell (WBC) was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the Orch+Selevit group than in all the other groups. The hematological values of red blood cell (RBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were not significantly different in any of the groups. The concentrations of serum total protein, albumin and alkaline phosphatase increased significantly (P<0.05, P<0.01) in the Orch+Selevit group as compared to that in the Orch group. However, there were no significant differences in AST and ALT in any other groups. We conclude that Selevit was significantly decreased the body weight in the orchidectomized rats. Our findings suggest that Selevit may influence the process of lipid packaging and absorption in the orchidectomized rats.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.129-143
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• 2004

The beauty of the body could separately be defined from area to area, but there can't be any universal definition of it that is applicable throughout the world. The modern discourses on the body have frequently dealt with that, and the beauty of the body should be studied in light of sociocultural background. In today's world fashion industry, the body is represented in various ways, and how to express the body itself is considered from diverse perspectives. As it's now required to approach to fashion from the sociocultural standpoint of the body. a semiotic interpretation method was introduced. The reason was that from the viewpoint of semiotics, the beauty of the body has different implications for society as cultural sign, and they also could be regarded as sociocultural codes. In order to improve new light on the aesthetic consciousness of the body and how it's represented in modern fashion, earlier studies and existing theories were examined. The semiotic interpretation method was used to find out what the aesthetic consciousness of the body stood for and what implication it had for fashion. And in which way fashion represented aesthetic consciousness, including satire, pleasure, grotesque and decadence, through the body was examined. Fashion creates an artificial beauty of the body, and change in the body is followed by change in fashion.

• The International Journal of Costume Culture
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.43-53
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• 1999

The research analyzs characteristics of body types for the Chineses women based on the different life style and to compare the differences of body type with Korean women. The measurement had took in Beijing and Seoul in 1999. As a result of comparing Chinese and Korean women'body measurements, it was found that Chinese women are shorter and obser than Korean women. Besides, chinese arms and upper body are shorter, and their body is thicker compared with their relatively flat chest. After all, Cheinese women'chests are more voluminous, while their shoulders are drooped more, although their shoulder size is almost as same as Korean women'. By used factor analysis, 8 factors were extracted from body measurements : body obesity, vertical body size, ankle and knee sizes, head size, front upper body length, shoulder size, form and size of neck and upper chest, drooping of shoulders, and size of hip. It was found that Chinese college women are obser with larger vertical body length and front upper body length. And their shoulders are more drooped with larger hip. But two nations'female students did not show any differences in the sizes of ankles, knees, head and shoulders.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.260-269
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• 2013

This study verifies the direct and indirect causal relationship of sociocultural values related to appearance effect appearance evaluation, body area satisfaction, appearance orientation, and self-esteem that are variables involved in body images. This paper is expected to empirically support the information regarding the path and the relative influence among related-variables and their relational structures. A survey was conducted on 230 women from the ages of 20 to 29 who live in Daegu and Gyeongbuk areas. The data analysis was performed through programs such as AMOS 19.0 and SPSS 19.0 for Windows. The findings are as follows: First, Sociocultural values relating to appearance affect directly body image - appearance evaluation, body area satisfaction, and appearance orientation. Appearance evaluation and appearance orientation were influenced positively; however, body area satisfaction received egative effects. In addition, sociocultural values related to appearance exert relatively stronger influence on appearance orientation. Second, among body images, appearance evaluation and body area satisfaction directly effect self-esteem; however, appearance orientation did not show any direct influence. Appearance evaluation influenced relatively higher on self-esteem. Third, it appeared that appearance evaluation directly affected Appearance orientation. Forth, sociocultural values related to appearance affect self-esteem through body images-appearance evaluation, body area satisfaction, and appearance orientation - as mediators. This confirmed the mediator role of body image between sociocultural values related to appearance and self-esteem.