• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.366-377
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• 2011

Glutathione S-transferase (GST) is a multigene family of phase II detoxifying enzymes that metabolize a wide range of exogenous and endogenous electrophilic compounds. GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene polymorphisms may account for inter-individual variability in coping with oxidative stress. We investigated the relationships between the level of lymphocyte DNA and antioxidative parameters and the effect on GST genotypes. GSTM1 and GSTT1 were characterized in 301 young healthy Korean adults and compared with oxidative stress parameters such as the level of lymphocyte DNA, plasma antioxidant vitamins, and erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes in smokers and non smokers. GST genotype, degree of DNA damage in lymphocytes, erythrocyte activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and plasma concentrations of total radical-trapping antioxidant potential (TRAP), vitamin C, ${\alpha}$- and ${\gamma}$-tocopherol, ${\alpha}$- and ${\beta}$-carotene, and cryptoxanthin were analyzed. Lymphocyte DNA damage assessed by the comet assay was higher in smokers than that in non-smokers, but the levels of plasma vitamin C, ${\beta}$-carotene, TRAP, erythrocyte catalase, and GSH-Px were lower than those of non-smokers (p < 0.05). Lymphocyte DNA damage was higher in subjects with the GSTM1- or GSTT1-present genotype than those with the GSTM1-present or GSTT1- genotype. No difference in erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities, plasma TRAP, or vitamin levels was observed in subjects with the GSTM1 or GSTT1 genotypes, except ${\beta}$-carotene. Significant negative correlations were observed between lymphocyte DNA damage and plasma levels of TRAP and erythrocyte activities of catalase and GSH-Px after adjusting for smoking pack-years. Negative correlations were observed between plasma vitamin C and lymphocyte DNA damage only in individuals with the GSTM1-present or GSTT1- genotype. The interesting finding was the significant positive correlations between lymphocyte DNA damage and plasma levels of ${\alpha}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-carotene, and cryptoxanthin. In conclusion, the GSTM1- and GSTT1-present genotypes as well as smoking aggravated antioxidant status through lymphocyte DNA damage. This finding confirms that GST polymorphisms could be important determinants of antioxidant status in young smoking and non-smoking adults. Consequently, the protective effect of supplemental antioxidants on DNA damage in individuals carrying the GSTM1- or GSTT1-present genotypes might show significantly higher values than expected.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.280-285
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• 2004

The ovarian hormone-deficiency induced ovariectomy rat is widely used as an aging model due to its practicality, convenience, and cost effectiveness. The surgically ovariectomized rat induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation like aging phenomena. Free oxygen radicals have been proposed as important causative agents of aging. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of chondroitin sulfate (CS) to prevent ovariectomy (OVX)-induced oxidative stress. The OVX rats were given intraperitoneally CS at doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg daily for fifteen weeks. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced-glutathione (GSH), oxidized-glutathione (GSSG), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the liver. The liver antioxidative enzyme activity was elevated while MDA concentration decreased in all CS treated animals. The results demonstrated that CS reduced oxidative stress in a dose dependent manner. These results suggest that CS might be a useful candidate for antioxidative reagent.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.179-187
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• 2010

This study examined ways to improve the functional properties of commercial soy sauce using gelatin hydrolysates from the refiner discharge of Alaska pollock, Theragra chalcogramma. The total nitrogen content and pH of gelatin sauce prepared by dissolving the second-step gelatin hydrolysates (15 g), salt (20 g), sugar (5 g), glucose (2.5 g), inosine monophosphate (IMP) (0.5 g), black pepper (0.1 g), caramel powder (0.1 g), ginger powder (0.05 g), garlic powder (0.05 g), vinegar (3 mL), and fructose (3 mL) in water(100 mL) were 1.71% and 5.35, respectively. The results of a sensory evaluation indicated that when preparing blended soy sauce, the optimal blending ratio of gelatin sauce to commercial soy sauce was 20:80 (v/v). Because the total nitrogen content and pH of the blended soy sauce were 1.52% and 5.31, respectively, the blended soy sauce could be sold as a soy sauce. The oxidative property of the blended soy sauce was similar to that of 20 mM ascorbic acid, and its angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) -inhibiting activity was 1.5 mg/mL. The results suggest that the antioxidative and ACE-inhibiting activities of commercial soy sauce can be improved by blending gelatin sauce (20) with commercial soy sauce (80). The total amino acid content of the blended soy sauce was 9,107.3 mg/mL, which was higher than that (8,992.4 mg/100 mL) of commercial soy sauce. However, the taste value of the blended soy sauce was 415.8, which was lower than that (431.2) of commercial soy sauce.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.775-779
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• 2002

Barley brans, divided into fractions I $(pearlers\;1{\sim}4)$, II $(pearlers\;5{\sim}20)$, and III $(pearlers \;21{\sim}24)$, germ, and broken kernels were collected as pearling by-products produced by an industrial process consisting of 24 consecutive barley pearlers. The pearling by-products were extracted with 75% ethanol, and polyphenol extracts were separated using Sepabeads SP-850 resin. Total polyphenol content was the highest (43.68%) in the polyphenol extract separated from fraction I. Polyphenol compounds analyzed by HPLC were tentatively identified as proanthocyanins and prodelphinidin polymers, which were known to have antioxidative and antimutagenic activities. Antioxidative abilities were estimated to be in the following order: fraction I>germ>fraction II>fraction III. At 0.01% polyphenol extract, angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory activity was the highest in the germ fraction (40.04%). Nitrite-scavenging activity was over 70% in all fractions. Superoxide dismutase-like activity was in the range of $64{\sim}78%$ in fractions I and II.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.7
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• pp.881-888
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• 2007

For the use of skipjack tuna cooking drip (STC) as a source of functional seasoning, the STC was hydrolyzed with various commercial enzymes, such as Alcalase, Flavourzyme, Neutrase and Protamex, and its hydrolysate was also investigated on the food component characteristics. The hydrolysate incubated with Alcalase for 30 min (HA30) showed 56.8% for angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity and 1.18 for antioxidative activity, which were high or similar compared to the other enzymatic hydrolysates. There were no differences in ACE inhibitory activity and antioxidative activity among HA30, two-step enzymatic hydrolysates, and ultrafilterates (molecular weight cut off, 10 kDa). The HA30 was very stable on the digestive enzymes, such as chymotrypsin, pepsin, trypsin according to the TCA (trichloroacetic acid) soluble index. The results suggested that skipjack tuna cooking drip could be used as a source for preparing functional seasoning sauce.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.8
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• pp.1022-1030
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• 2007

For the improvement on the quality and functionality of red tanner crab cooking drip, the preparation of hydrolysates from red crab cooking drip using commercial enzymes (Alcalase, Flavourzyme, Neutrase and Protamex) was attempted and its taste, nutritional and functional characteristics were also investigated. According to the results of heavy metal contents and proximate composition, red tanner crab cooking drip (RTCCD) could be used as a food resource. From the results of the trichloroacetic acid soluble index (TSI), angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibiting activity and antioxidative activity, RTCCD hydrolysates incubated with Alcalase for 2 hrs was superior to the other one-step hydrolysates. There were no differences in the ACE inhibiting activity and antioxidative activity between one-step hydrolysates, which was incubated with Alcalase for 2 hrs, and two-step hydrolysates sequentially incubated with Alcalase and other enzymes. Alcalase-treated hydrolysates was similar in proximate composition and Hunter color value, while high in free amino acid content compared with crab cooking drip. Total amino acid content of Alcalase-treated hydrolysates was 11.9 g/100 mL and the major amino acids were glutamic acid (10.2%), proline (10.1%) and glycine (10.7%).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.177-183
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• 2008

This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of dandelion water extract (DWE) on liver injury induced by D-galactosamine (GalN) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Fifty rats were divided into 5 groups; normal control (C), DWE-control (DWE-C: saline injection after feeding 3% DWE diet), GalN-control (GalN-C: GalN injection after normal diet), DWE I (GalN injection after feeding 1.5% DWE diet), and DWE II (GalN injection after feeding 3% DWE diet). After 2 weeks, the acute hepatitis was induced by GalN (650 mg/kg, i.p.) and 24 hrs later, all rats were sacrificed. The DWE supplement ameliorated the serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferase (AST, ALT) as well as alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}\;(TNF-{\alpha})$. Hepatic antioxidative enzyme activities, such as catalase, GSH peroxidase, GSH reductase, and Mn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) were slightly or significantly elevated by the treatment of DWE. Moreover, the histological examination corresponded with these biochemical observations. According to these findings, dandelion could be used as a potential therapeutic material for treating chemically induced acute hepatitis.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.4 s.71
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• pp.572-577
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• 2005

In this study, the effect of Epimedii Herba (EH) on the antioxidative enzymatic activity was investigated. EH (100mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered into rats for 2 weeks. On the last day, carbon tetrachloride $(50\%\;CCl_4,\;3.3ml/kg,\;i.p.)$ dissolved in olive oil was injected before 12 hours. EH-pread-ministered and $CCl_4-treated$ (EC) group showed higher inhibitory effect in aminotransferase (AST, ALT) activity compared to $CCl_4-treated (CT)$ group. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Catalase in EC group were increased compared to those of CT group. The activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was significantly higher than those of CT group compared to EC group. These results suggest that EH has a hepatoprotective effect through scavenging the free radicals induced by $CCl_4$.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.121-128
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of sperm cryosurvival in boar sperm separated by Percoll containing antioxidant enzymes. The boar semen was collected into a pre-warmed ($37^{\circ}C$) thermos bottle by gloved-hand method and was separated by 65% Percoll with superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) before freezing. The frozen sperm was thawed at $38.5^{\circ}C$ for 45 sec in water-bath for sperm characteristic analysis. The sperm were estimated with SYBR14/PI double staining for viability, FITC-PNA/PI double staining for acrosome reaction, Rhodamine123/PI double staining for mitochondrial integrity and were analyzed using flow cytometry. In results, sperm viability, acrosome reaction and mitochondrial integrity were improved in separated sperm groups compared with unseparated sperm by Percoll (UP) group. Especially, viability was significantly higher in sperm separated by Percoll containing 400 IU CAT group compared with other groups (P<0.05). And acrosome reaction was decreased in sperm separated by Percoll with 300 IU SOD, 400 IU CAT and 0.5 mM GSH groups compared with other groups, however, there were no significantly difference mitochondrial integrity among sperm separated by Percoll with antioxidant enzymes. In conclusion, we suggest that use of Percoll containing antioxidant enzymes for sperm separation will be beneficial for sperm cryopreservation in pigs.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.457-462
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• 2003

Houttuynia Cordata thunb has been used as folk medicine for analgesics, beriberi, edema, hepatitis and icterus etc. We investigated, the effects of Houttuynia Cordata thunb administration on protective in liver of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin(TCDD) treated rats. Seven days after the injection of TCDD(1${\mu}g$/kg), Houttuynia Cordata thunb (200mg/kg) was administered into rats intraperitoneally for four weeks. We examined the antioxidative enzymatic activity by measuring the level of GOT, GPT in serum and MDA, GSH, GSSG, GPx, SOD and Catalase in liver tissue of rats. GOT activity of Houttuynia Cordata thunb and TCDD administered group(HTT) showed 49.00% of inhibitive effect compared to TCDD-treated abnormal group(TTA). GPT level of HTT group was decreased to the level of Non TCDD-treated group(NTT). MDA content in the TTA group was 1.27 times increased compared to NTT group. HTT group was inhibited by 69.53% compared to TTA group. GSH contents in HTT group was 1.91 times increased compared to TTA group. GSSG contents in HTT group was 46.72% decreased compared to TTA group. SOD and Catalase in TTA group were lower than in NTT group, but SOD and Catalase in HTT group were increased by 82% and 55.45% respectively compared to TTA group.