• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.192-200
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• 2006

Purpose : This study was performed to identify longitudinal changes in the prevalence of organisms isolated from urinary tract infection(UTI) and in the pattern of Escherichia coli susceptibility to antibiotics during the past 10 years in children with UTI. Methods : We performed a retrospective study of a total of 192 urine cultures from children with UTI in the Department of Pediatrics, Seoul Adventist Hospital over two periods(1st: 1995-2000, 2nd:2001-2005). Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was compared between the two groups. Results : The pathogens of UTI in the two groups were similar. In the first period, E. coli was the leading uropathogen(66.2%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae(7.8%), Enterobacter cloacae(6.5%), and others(19.5%). In the second period, E. coli was the leading uropathogen(67%) followed by K. pneumoniae(12.2%), E. cloacae(3.5%), Enterobacter aerogenes(3.5%), and others(13.8%). The susceptibility pattern of E. coli to amoxicillin/clavulanate(87.5%, 81.0%) did not present any statistically significant difference between the two periods(P>0.05). The susceptibility of E. coli to TMP/SMX(52.4%, 50.0%) was still low with no significant difference between the two periods(P>0.05). Conclusion : Our results suggest that the use of amoxicillin/clavulanate is still an excellent therapeutic option in children with UTI. The low rate of susceptibility to TMP/SMX against uropathogens suggest that TMP/SMX may be reevaluated as the first-line therapeutic drug for UTI.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제19권10호
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• pp.1265-1270
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• 2009

The objectives of this study were to determine the antibiotypes, SCCmec subtypes, PVL carriage, and genetic diversity of MRSA strains from a tertiary hospital. Sixty-six MRSA strains were selected randomly (2003, 2004, and 2007) and tested for the Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene, mecA gene, and SCCmec type via a PCR. The antibiograms were determined using a standard disc diffusion method, and the genetic diversity of the isolates was determined by PFGE. Thirty-four antibiograms were obtained, with 55% of the 66 strains exhibiting resistance to more than 4 antimicrobials. All the isolates remained susceptible to vancomycin, and low resistance rates were noted for fusidic acid (11%), rifampicin (11%), and clindamycin acid (19%). The MRSA isolates that were multisensitive (n=12) were SCCmec type IV, whereas the rest (multiresistant) were SCCmec type III. Only two isolates (SCCmec type IV) tested positive for PVL, whereas all the isolates were mecA-positive. The PFGE was very discriminative and subtyped the 66 isolates into 55 pulsotypes (F=0.31-1.0). The multisensitive isolates were distinctly different from the multidrug-resistant MRSA. In conclusion, no vancomycin-resistant isolate was observed. The Malaysian MDR MRSA isolates were mostly SCCmec type III and negative for PVL. These strains were genetically distinct from the SCCmec type IV strains, which were sensitive to SXT, tetracycline, and erythromycin. Only two strains were SCCmec IV and PVL-positive. The infections in the hospital concerned were probably caused by multiple subtypes of MRSA.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제19권10호
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• pp.1238-1243
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• 2009

The susceptibilities of major enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) strains to antimicrobial agents and the cytotoxicity of these agents were examined using a total of 38 strains of E. coli O26, O111, and O157, which are the major serogroups of EHEC. Among the 38 strains, 35, 36, and 36 were susceptible to amikacin, imipenem, and norfloxacin, respectively. These antimicrobial agents were further examined to determine their cytotoxicity on Vero cells as well as their effect on the release of Shiga toxins along with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Each of the E. coli O26, O111, and O157 strains containing both the stx1 and stx2 genes were grown in the absence or presence of these agents at 1/4 minimal inhibitory concentration for 6 h, 12 h, and 18 h. At the concentrations used in this study, none of the agents significantly altered cell count compared with the control group. The level of cytotoxicity in the imipenem group was lower at 12 hand 18 h than their respective controls. In contrast, the level of cytotoxicity in cultures treated with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, norfloxacin, and amikacin was increased. The strains were also examined for the release of Shiga toxins 1 and 2 following treatment with the agents, which were measured by the reversed passive latex agglutination (RPLA) method. The RPLA assay showed a suppression of release of Shiga toxin 2 in the strain cultures containing imipenem. These results indicate that imipenem may be a safe and effective agent for inhibition of these bacteria, which has clinical implications for the treatment of EHEC infections.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제20권8호
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• pp.1204-1209
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• 2010

We evaluated the antibacterial activities of selected edible Korean plant seeds against the food-borne pathogens Staphylococcus aureus KCTC1927, Escherichia coli KCTC2593, Salmonella typhimurium KCTC2054, and Bacillus cereus KCTC1014. While screening for antibacterial agents, we discovered that wheat germ extract contains 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (DMBQ) and is highly inhibitory to S. aureus and B. cereus. This is the first report of the antibacterial activity of wheat germ extract. We also investigated the antibacterial activities of the 1,4-benzoquinone standards 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ), hydroquinone (HQ), methoxybenzoquinone (MBQ), and 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (DMBQ). DMBQ and BQ were the most highly inhibitory to S. aureus and S. typhimurium, followed by MBQ and HQ. MICs for DMBQ and BQ ranged between 8 and 64 ${\mu}g/ml$ against the four foodborne pathogens tested. DMBQ and BQ showed significant antibacterial activity; the most sensitive organism was S. aureus with an MIC of 8 ${\mu}g/ml$. BQ exhibited good activity against S. typhimurium (32 ${\mu}g/ml$) and B. cereus (32 ${\mu}g/ml$). The results suggest that wheat germ extract has potential for the development of natural antimicrobials and food preservatives for controlling foodborne pathogens.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.185-192
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• 1986

1983년 6월부터 1986년 6월까지 영남대학병원 임상검체에서 분리된 세균의 항생제 감수성시험 성적의 통계적 고찰을 시행하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. Staphylococcus aureus는 cephalothin에 가장 감수성이 높았으며, methicillin에 대한 감수성은 점차 감소되었다. 2. enterococcus를 제외한 Streptococcus는 penicillin에 대체로 높은 감수성을 보였으며, enterococcus는 대부분 ampicillin에만 감수성을 나타내었다. 3. Escherichia coli를 비롯한 그람음성 간균은 전반적으로 amikacin과 tobramycin에 높은 감수성을 보였다. 4. Serratia는 다른 장내세균보다 감수성이 대체로 낮았으며 Serratia marcescens는 amikacin과 chloramphenicol에 가장 높은 감수성을 보였다. 5. Pseudomonas aeruginosa는 amikacin과 tobramycin에 가장 감수성이 높았으며, carbenicillin과 gentamyctn에도 중등도의 감수성을 보였다. 6. Acinetobacter calcoaceticus는 시험한 대부분의 항생제에 낮은 감수성을 보였으며, 1986년에 amikacin, tobramycin 및 gentamycin에 단지 30%정도의 감수성을 보였다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.133-142
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• 2017

볏짚으로부터 200 bacilli 균주들이 분리되었고 이중 3 균주는 Bacillus cereus ATCC1457를 강력히 저해하였다. 분자생물학적 방법들을 사용하여 이들을 동정한 결과 RSC15는 B. licheniforms로 RSC26과 RSC42는 B. amyloliquefaciens들로 확인되었다. 항균물질들은 내열성을 지녀서 $100^{\circ}C$ 20분 처리 후에도 활성의 절반이 유지되었다. 배양상등액의 SDS-PAGE 분석결과 2종의 다른 항세균물질들이 확인 되었고 이들은 3.5 kDa 이하였다. 컬럼크로마토그래피 방법들을 사용하여 B. licheniformis RSC15가 만드는 항세균물질들을 부분정제한 결과 비활성은 955.0 AU/mg에서 6,400 AU/mg으로 증가하였다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2011

천연물 오배자 추출물은 in vitro 선행 연구를 통하여 병원성 세균과 바이러스에 대한 강력한 항균 항바이러스 효과를 확인하였다. 본 연구는 양돈 농장에서 130일간의 장기 임상시험을 통하여 효능평가를 통한 천연물 오배자 추출물의 항균 항바이러스 효과를 규명하고자 수행되었다. 200 마리의 돼지를 천연물 오배자 추출물 투여군과 비투여군으로 2 그룹으로 나누어 130일 동안 양돈농장에서 연구가 수행되었다. 천연물 오배자 추출물 투여군에는 항생제가 없는 사료에 천연물 오배자 추출물을 0.2% 배합하여 급여하였고 비투여군은 항생제가 포함된 일반 사료를 급여하였다. 연구기간 동안 사료섭취량, 체중, 임상증상을 분석하고 시험종료일에 부검하여 육안검사와 미생물학적 검사 및 병리조직학적 검사를 수행하였다. 연구결과 천연물 오배자 추출물은 양돈 산업에서 심각한 문제가 되고 있는 병원성 세균과 바이러스에 대한 강력한 항균 항바이러스 효과를 가지고 있는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.111-122
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• 2006

A direct, accurate and sensitive chromatographic analytical method for quantitative determination of four fluoroquinolones (norfloxacin, cirprofloxacin, danofloxacin and enrofloxacin) in chicken, pork and beef edible muscle is proposed in the present study. The developed method was successfully applied to the determination of enrofloxacin, as the main component of commercially available veterinary drugs. The samples were homogenized and the antimicrobials were added, then they were extracted twice with dichloromethane. Fluoroquinolone antibiotics were separated on an agilent $250x4mm,\;C_{18},\;5{\mu}m$, analytical column, at $25^{\circ}C$. The mobile phase consisted of a mixture of DW : acetonitrile : triethylamine(80:19:1%, v/v, pH 3.0) leading to retention times less than 14 min. at a flow rate 0.5 ml/min. These fluoroquinolones were detected by liquid chromatography with fluorescence at 290 nm excitation and 465 nm emission. The limits of quantification in each edible muscle (chicken, pork, and beef) were 0.32-6.54 ng/g. Using 0.5 g of each sample, average recovery rates at fortification levels of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 ${\mu}g/ml$ ranged 70.14-71.71% for NFX, 71.87-73.89% for CFX, 82.16-92.35% for DFX, and 90.13-98.12 for EFX This is a simple and economic method to quantify the presence of NFX, CFX, EFX and DFX in edible muscle of animal origin.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.325-334
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• 2009

Salmonella spp. are the important pathogens both economically and clinically in animals as well as human. Some of them have highly zoonotic potentials even though they are asymptomatic in animals. Therefore, the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in animals is highly concerned for human health. The present study was carried out to investigate the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and PFGE patterns of Salmonella spp. isolated from chickens at slaughterhouse in Incheon area. The overall isolation rate of Salmonella spp. from cloaca and cecum specimens was 7.3 % (37/510). Thirty seven isolates of Salmonella spp. were identified to 5 serotypes; S. Enteritidis, S. Newport, S. Typhimurium, S. Gallinarum, and S. Derby with prevalence of 46.0%, 40.5%, 8.1%, 2.7%, and 2.7%, respectively. Resistance to nalidixic acid was found in 97.3% of Salmonella spp. isolated, followed by streptomycin (16.2%), tetracycline (16.2%), ampicillin (5.4%). Only 6 isolates (16.2%) showed resistance to more than two antimicrobials. In PFGE analysis of chicken and human isolates with Xba I, S. Enteritidis isolates from chicken showed very high similarity over 82.8% and also the similarity was very high in the comparison with human isolates. However, the higher similarity (100%) was observed among chicken isolates of S. Typhimurium. These results suggest the close genetic relatedness of Salmonella spp. isolated from chickens with human.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.35-41
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• 1978

After the advent of the effective antimicrobial drugs, empyema of the pleural cavity came to be considered an infrequent disease. However, in recent years the problem of empyema is increasing, probably due to bacterial changes associated with the use and misuse of antimicrobials as well as alterations in the host associated with increased longevity and chronic disease. During the 10 years period from 1957, Sop. to 1977, Aug., we experienced 152 cases of empyema, of which 37 were scheduled on open thoracotomy drainge for chronic empyema. 1. The ratio of male to female was 3.6:1 with male predominance and 64% of total was above 40 years old in age distribution. 2. The cardinal symptoms were fever[70%], dyspnea[40.5%], and sputum[40.5%]. The leucocytosis were observed in 75.7% of all cases. The hemoglobin level showed subnormal in 21.6% of all cases. 3- The underlying pathology predisposing to empyema were postoperative empyema [35.1%] and tuberculosis[32.4%] in order. 4. The pathologic organisms by bacterial culture in 37 patients were Pseudomonas [24.3%], Staphylococccus [21.6%], Streptococcus [21.6%]., no growth [8. 1%] and the remainders. 5. The late results were as follow; a. Spontaneous closure was seen in 10 patients and all of them belongs to non-tuberculous group. Their mean duration was 14 months. b. Still opened are eight; 6 in tuberculous group, remainders in non-tuberculous group. c. Secondary closure was performed in 6 patients, of which 5 cases showed successful secondary closure but one failed. The mean duration from OTD to secondary closure was 46.3 days. d. Eleven patients were not followed. e. Two patients were expired; one was due to progressive cachexia and pulmonary insufficiency, the other due to gastrointestinal bleeding unrelated to empyema.