• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.449-455
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• 2011

This study was performed to develop antimicrobial films using polyvinyl alcohol and methyl cellulose. Methyl cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol films plasticized with PEG(polyethylene glycol) were prepared by solvent casting process under addition of 0.025~1.0 wt% ampicillin and 0.1~1.0 wt% streptomycin as an antimicrobial agent. The mechanical properties of prepared films were examined by universal testing machine(UTM). Tensile strength of methyl cellulose films was 15.44~21.70 $N/mm^2$. Tensile strength of PVA(15 wt%) film was 20.2~51.5 $N/mm^2$, and the tensile strength of the antimicrobial films were decreased linearly with increasing the antibiotic loading amount up to 1 wt%. Antimicrobial activities of PVA and methyl cellulose films containing ampicillin and streptomycin through the disc diffusion test for the Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The antimicrobial activity of methyl cellulose films and PVA containing ampicillin were higher than that of containing streptomycin methyl cellulose films. The results indicate the films may be a proper materials for antimicrobial packing applications.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.829-832
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• 2003

To develop natural food preservatives, ethanol and water extracts were prepared from the cornus (Cornus of officianalis) and antimicrobial activities were examined against 10 microoganisms which were food borne pathogens and/or food poisoning microoganisms, food-related bacteria and yeasts. Ethanol extract exhibited antimicrobial activity for the microoganisms tested, except lactic acid bacteria and yeast. Especially, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the ethanol extracts were determined as 0.25 mg/mL against bacteria and 2 mg/mL against target lactic bacteria and yeasts. Antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extracts were not destroyed by the heating at 121$^{\circ}C$ for 15 min and not affected by pH. The ethanol extract of cornus exhibiting high antimicrobial activities were fractionated in the other of diethylether and butanol fractions to test antimicrobial activity The antimicrobial activity adjust bacteria test was highest in the ethanol fraction.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.347-351
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• 2009

Bruella spp. involves a considerable danger of public health and farm animal industry. In this study, we assessed the disinfection efficacy of alkaline disinfectant solution and three commercial farm disinfectants (quaternary ammonium compound, sodium dichloroisocyanurate, potassium monopersulphate/sodium dichloroisocyanurate) against Brucella ovis. A bactericidal efficacy test by broth dilution method was used to determine the lowest effective dilution of selected disinfectants following exposure to test bacteria for 30 minutes at $4^{\circ}C$. Disinfectants and test bacteria are diluted with distilled water (DW), hard water (HW) or organic matter suspension (OM) according to treatment condition. Three commercial disinfectant showed excellent antimicrobial activity (up to dilution of $\times200$ in OM treatment). Alkaline disinfectant solution demonstrated favorable bactericidal efficacy against B. abortus (at dilution of $\times20$ in OM treatment). Three commercial farm disinfectants possess excellent efficacy against B. ovis. Alkaline disinfectant solution has lower potency than commercial farm disinfectant but could help to limit the spread of brucellosis.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.254-263
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• 2021

In this study, chitosan obtained after varying extents of deacetylation (i.e., 10%, 30%, and 47%) was employed to introduce antibacterial properties to chitin. The deacetylation reaction completion, wherein the amino group content of chitin was reduced, was ascertained from the FT-IR and NMR analyses. The 47%-deacetylated chitosan exhibited superior antibacterial properties against Bacillus in a disk diffusion test. To further improve these properties, chitosan derivatives were grafted by acrylic acid and acrylamide. The varying concentrations of carboxyl groups, primary amines, and -CH₂-CH₂- with increasing acrylic acid and acrylamide contents were determined by FT-IR and NMR analyses. The enhanced antibacterial properties of the chitosan derivatives, owing to the increased acrylic acid and acrylamide contents, were revealed by the disk diffusion test. In particular, the derivatives with 1.3% acrylic acid and acrylamide showed the highest antibacterial activity, the bacterial reduction rate against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli being 99.9%, as observed through the ASTM E2149 standard test.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.833-839
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• 2003

Quantitaties of flavonoids were determined by HPLC in three different ethanol extract (50, 70 and 95%, v/v) from Korean cherry. Antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extract and its solvent fraction (ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions) against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228) was evaluated using MIC and disk test. Additionally, UV protective effect was also determined. The highest flavonoid quantity was found in 70% ethanol extract of Korean cherry. The quantities of quercitrin were 12.7 mg% and 2.1 mg% in ethyl acetate fraction and in buthanol fraction, respectively. In addition, the flavonoid in 70% (v/v) ethanol extract of Korean cherry included 14.9 mg% of quercitrin, 6.0 mg% of tannic acid and 5.2 mg% of catechin. Therefore, it was confirmed that main flavonoid of Korean cherry was quercitrin. For antimicrobial activity of ethanol extract of Korean cherry against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) and Staphylococcus epidemidis (ATCC 12228), MIC and disk test using ethyl acetate fraction and butanol fraction were carried out. As a result, ethyl acetate fraction with higher quantity of flavonoid showed higher antimicrobial activity. Therefore, it was confirmed that the higher antimicrobial activity was brought about by flavonoid in Korean cherry. For UV protective effect of Korean cherry, ethanol extract showed the absorption zone of ultraviolet rays in 210∼380 nm including 290∼320 nm that is the wave length of UV-B harmful to the skin of human body. The pattern is the same as the absorption zone of 220∼300 nm in catechin and 210∼400 nm in quercitrin. Then, the functionalities of catechin and quercitrin were anticipated. It is expected that quercitrin in Korean cherry has the antimicrobial effect and UV protective effect related to the skin.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.218-224
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• 1997

Purpose: The antimicrobial resistance of S. pneumoniae has encountered with increasing frequency from around the world. In our country, penicillin resistant strains of S. penumococci are rapidly increasing. It has been known that colonized pneumococci in upper respiratory tract cause sinisitis, otitis media, meningitis and pneumonia. We tried to reveal the colonization rate of pneumonocci in upper respiratory tract, their antimicrobial resistance and DNA fingerprinting pattern in normal children. Methods: We got specimens from 117 children of day-care center in Seoul through oropharyngeal swab. After incubation on BAP, optochin test and slide latex agglutination test were used for identification. Antimicobial susceptibility test to penicillin, vancomycin, erythromycin and TMP-SMZ was done with disk diffusion method. Penicillin MIC was gotten through the broth microdilution method. Genotyping of 45 pneumococci was done by rep-PCR using REP1R-Dt and REP2-Dt primer. Results: The carriage rate of pneumococci in the day-care center children was 38%(45/117). The resistance of penicillin, erhthromycin, TMP/SMZ, vancomycin by the disk diffusion method are 89%, 91%, 64% and 0%, respectively. 64% of the isolates showed multiple resistance. 7 types of DNA fingerprinting were gotten and 78% of isolates belonged to three types. Conclusion: We found that the antimicrobial resistance of children attending the day-care center in Seoul was much higher than expected. We assumed that this might be due to their easy and frequent exposure to antimicrobial agents and crowded day-care center environment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.500-504
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• 2004

This study was designed to investigate the possible utilization of Zanthoxylum schinifolium as a source of decontamination agents. The antimicrobial effect of Zanthoxylum schinifolium extract was investigated against Vibrio parahaemolyticus which is food-born disease organism. Ethanol extract of Zanthoxylum schinifolium was compared with water extract of Zanthoxylum schinifolium to test antimicrobial activities against Vibrio parahaemolyticus by disk method. Ethanol extract was more effective than water ,extract on the antimicrobial activities. It had remarkable antimicrobial activities against Vibrio parahaemolyticus. It was very stable on the wide range of temperature and pH. It turned out by GC-MS that estragole (4-allyl anisole) was a major antimicrobial component of Zanthoxylum schinifolium extract. These results indicated that Zanthoxylum schinifolium extract could protect against bacterial contamination and inhibit a growth of Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.247-255
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• 2017

Scutellaria Baicalensis(SB) is widely used in traditional and modern oriental medicine. It possesses several biology activities such as anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral activities. In this study, a functional high density polyethylene (HDPE) fabric with antimicrobial properties was developed using zeolite microparticles as a SB extract delivery carrier. Zeolites loaded with SB extract were prepared by immersing in an SB extract aqueous solution. The average size of the SB extract-loaded zeolites was about 0.1 to $2.0{\mu}m$, and the morphology of the zeolites was not altered after SB extract binding. The resulting SB extract-loaded zeolites were then immobilized homogeneously onto the HDPE fabric using acrylic binder. The encapsulation efficiency of SB extract to the zeolite was more than 45%. The in vitro release test of SB extract-loaded zeolites containing HDPE fabrics showed release of 35% of the total SB extract by day 1 in a 24hours immersion study. Moreover, the SB extract-loaded zeolites containing HDPE fabrics showed effective antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, indicating that this innovative delivery platform potently imparted antimicrobial activity to the HDPE fabric. In conclusion, the current study suggests that the HDPE fabric containing the SB extract-loaded zeolites microparticle carrier system has potential as an effective antimicrobial textile such as safety gloves, protective gloves etc.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.85-95
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• 2004

1. Objectives Although the incidence of allergic rhinitis is increasing continually, Sasang Constitutional Medicine is showing favorable treatment outcomes. This study was aimed to test the antimicrobial effects of Bojungikgi-tang, Gwakhyangjeonggi-san, and Gunggwihyangso-san which are being applied to allergic rhinitis of Soeumin. 2. Methods Klebsiella pneumoniae 289 was extracted from allergic rhinitis patients. Bojungikgi-tang, Gwakhyangjeonggi-san, and Gunggwihyangso-san were boiled down and concentrated, and the substances obtained were tested for the effects on stability to temperature and pH and on antimicrobial activity 3. Results When measured the level of antimicrobial activity, the inhibition zones of Bojungikgi-tang, Gwakhyangjeonggi-san, and Gunggwihyangso-san were found 11.42, 11.07, and 10.63mm, respectively. The levels of MIC were $15{\mu}{\ell}$, $20{\mu}{\ell}$, and $10{\mu}{\ell}$ in that order. The antimicrobial activities were increased 13.88% in Bojungikgi-tang, 16.63% in Gwakhyangjeonggi-san, and 10.72% in Gunggwihyangso-san. There was no influence of pH to antimicrobial activity of all three substances. 4. Conclusions Bojungikgi-tang, Gwakhyangjeonggi-san, and Gunggwihyangso-san had a high level of antimicrobial activity to Klebsiella pneumoniae 289 even at a low concentration.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.800-806
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• 2016

In total, 151 Escherichia coli isolates from Ruditapes philippinarum in Gomso Bay were analyzed for their susceptibility to 18 different antimicrobial agents and for genes associated with virulence. For virulence genes, each strain of the isolates was positive for the enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)-specific heat-stable toxin (estA), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)-specific invasion-associated locus (iaa) gene and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)-specific attaching and effacing (eae) gene. According to a disk diffusion susceptibility test, resistance to ampicillin was most prevalent (23.2%), followed by resistance to amoxicillin (22.5%), ticarcillin (20.5%), tetracycline (18.5%), nalidixic acid (12.6%), ciprofloxacin (10.6%), streptomycin (9.9%), and chloramphenicol (6.6%). More than 35.8% of the isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent, and 19.9% were resistant to four or more classes of antimicrobials; these were consequently defined as multidrug resistant. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranges for the antimicrobial resistance of the 15 different antimicrobial agents of 54 E. coli strains were confirmed by varying the concentrations from $32-2,048{\mu}g/mL$. Overall, these results not only provide novel insights into the necessity for seawater and R. philippinarum sanitation in Gomso Bay but they also help to reduce the risk of contamination by antimicrobial-resistant bacteria.