• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국응용약물학회 1996년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.19-29
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• 1996

The neurological manifestations of AIDS include dementia, encountered even in the absence of opportunistic superinfection or malignancy. The AIDS Dementia Complex appears to be associated with several neuropathological abnormalities, including astrogliosis and neuronal injury or loss. How can HIV-1 result in neuronal damage if neurons themselves are only rarely, if ever, infected by the vitus\ulcorner In vitro experiments from several different laboratiories have lent support to the existence of HIV- and immune-related toxins. In one recently defined pathway to neuronal injury, HIV-infected macrophages/microglia as well as macrophages activated by HIV-1 envelope protein gp120 appear to secrete excitants/neurotoxins. These substances may include arachidonic acid, platelet-activating factor, free radicals (NO - and O$_2$), glutamate, quinolinate, cysteine, cytokines (TNF-${\alpha}$, IL1-B, IL-6), and as yet unidentified factors emanating from stimulated macrophages and possibly reactive astrocytes. A final common pathway for newonal suscepubility appears to be operative, similar to that observed in stroke, trauma, epilepsy, and several neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This mechanism involves excessive activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-operated channels, with resultant excessive influx of Ca$\^$2+/ leading to neuronal damage, and thus offers hope for future pharmacological intervention. This chapter reviews two clinically-tolerated NMDA antagonists, memantine and nitroglycerin; (ⅰ) Memantine is an open-channel blocker of the NMDA-associated ion channel and a close congener of the anti-viral and anti-parkinsonian drug amantadine. Memantine blocks the effects of escalating levels of excitotoxins to a greater degree than lower (piysiological) levels of these excitatory amino acids, thus sparing to some extent normal neuronal function. (ⅱ) Niuoglycerin acts at a redox modulatory site of the NMDA receptor/complex to downregulate its activity. The neuroprotective action of nitroglycerin at this site is mediated by n chemical species related to nitric oxide, but in a higher oxidation state, resulting in transfer of an NO group to a critical cysteine on the NMDA receptor. Because of the clinical safety of these drugs, they have the potential for trials in humans. As the structural basis for redox modulation is further elucidated, it may become possible to design even better redox reactive reagents of chinical value. To this end, redox modulatory sites of NMDA receptors have begun to be characterized at a molecular level using site-directed mutagenesis of recombinant subunits (NMDAR1, NMDAR2A-D). Two types of redox modulation can be distinguished. The first type gives rise to a persistent change in the functional activity of the receptor, and we have identified two cysteine residues on the NMDARI subunit (#744 and #798) that are responsible for this action. A second site, presumably also a cysteine(s) because <1 mM N-ethylmaleimide can block its effect in native neurons, underlies the other, more transient redox action. It appears to be at this, as yet unidentified, site on the NMDA receptor that the NO group acts, at least in recombinant receptors.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.410-415
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• 2008

The nutritional characteristics and functionalities of the polyplant extracts(PPE) from the extraction of various plants were assessed for the development of a new functional food. The PPE contained 42.95 g of glucose, 22.61 g of fructose, and 12.48 g of sucrose per 100 g of PPE as free sugar, and its reducing sugar contents was measured at 480.6 mg per g of PPE. Among free amino acids, proline contents was the highest at 0.58 g per 100 g of PPE, and it contained only 12.65 mg of malic acid and 6.92 mg of tartaric acid per g of PPE as an organic acid. The antioxidant activity of PPE was the highest at 91.6%, whereas SOD-like activity and xanthin oxidase inhibitory activity, which are associated with anti-aging effects, were 21.6% and 9.3%, respectively. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory activity was 10.0% and anti-dementia acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity was quite low(5.1%).

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제57권2호
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• pp.137-144
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• 2024

In this study, we investigated the antioxidant and physiological activities of the Korean marine algae, Enteromorpha compressa. Solvent extracts of E. compressa were prepared using 70% ethanol, 80% methanol, and water, with extraction yields ranging from 9.55% to 25.67%. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents ranged from 20.76-28.41 mg/g and 2.56-18.59 mg/g, respectively. Compared with the water extract, the ethanol and methanol extracts were found to have higher antioxidant activities. All three extracts were found to promote alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase activities in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas the methanol and ethanol extracts were established to have the highest angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity (IC₅₀=1.40 ㎍/mL) and β-secretase inhibitory activity (IC₅₀=0.17 ㎍/mL), respectively. These findings thus indicate that E. compressa could have beneficial application as a supplementary antioxidant and functional constituent in food and pharmaceutical materials.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.173-194
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• 2002

Alzheimer's disease(AD) is a geriatric dementia that is widespread in old age. In the future AD will be the largest problem in public health service. From old times, Much medicines have been used for treatment of dementia, but there is no medicine having obvious effect. AD is one of brain retrogression disease. So We studied on herbal medicine that have a relation of brain retrogression. From old times, In Oriental Medicine, Rhizoma Acori Graminei has been used for disease in relation to brain retrogression. We studied on the effects of anti-Alzheimer in pCT105-induced neuroblastoma cell lines by Rhizoma Acori Graminei extract As the result of this study, In RAG group, the apoptosis in the nervous system is inhibited, the repair against the degerneration of Neuroblastoma cells by CT105 expression is promoted. These results indicate that RAG possess strong inhibitory effect of apoptosis in the nervous system and repair effect against the degeneration of Neuroblastoma cells by CT105 expression.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.235-247
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• 2009

Objectives : Ginseng Radix Rubra water extract(RGE) has been used in vivo test for its beneficial effects on neuronal survival and neuroprotective functions, particularly in connection with APP-related dementias and Alzheimer's disease (AD). APP derived from proteolytic processing of the ${\beta}$-amyloid precursor protein (APP), including the amyloid-${\beta}$ peptide (A${\beta}$), plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's dementia. Methods : We determined that RGE inhibits formation of APP, which are the behavior, and possibly causative, feature of AD. Results and Conclusions : In the cells, RGE significantly activated antiapoptosis and decreased the activity of APP-grim, a key enzyme in the apoptosis cell-signaling cascade. These results suggest that neuronal damage in AD might be due to two factors: a direct APP toxicity and multiple cellular and molecular neuroprotective mechanisms, including attenuation of apoptosis and direct inhibition of APP, underlie the neuroprotective effects of RGE.

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2000

Immunological mechanisms involving the release of inflammatory factors by HIV-1 infected microglia in the brain have been implicated in the pathogenesis of HIV dementia (HIVD). Since the regulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activity can be influenced by variety of inflammatory mediators, this study was undertaken to look for a correlation between the MMP-9 release and the production of TNF-${\alpha}$ in response to HIV-1 p24 in the human monocyte cell line THP-1 as a model for microglia. First, it was shown that HIV-l core p24 antigen induced THP-1 to secrete MMP-9 in a dose response manner while it elicited a little effect on MMP-2 release in human astroglial cell line T98G. Next, it was found that p24 induced THP-1 to secrete TNF-${\alpha}$ without prior differentiation into macrophages by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) treatment. Furthermore, anti-TNF-${\alpha}$ neutralizing antibodies significantly blocked p24-induced MMP-9 release in a dose dependent manner. Our data indicate that p24 antigen induces monocytic MMP-9 release by triggering up-regulation of TNF-${\alpha}$ secretion.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.95-105
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• 2003

Alzheimer's disease(AD) is a geriatric dementia that is widespread in old age. In the future AD will be the largest problem in public health service. From old times, Much medicines have been used for treatment of dementia, but there is no medicine having obvious effect. AD is one of brain retrogression disease. So We studied on herbal medicine that have a relation of brain retrogression. From old times, In Oriental Medicine, Radix Polygalae and Rhizoma Acori Graminei have been used for disease in relation to brain retrogression. We studied of anti-Alzheimer effect on CT105-induced neuroblastoma cell lines by Radix Polygalae(RP) and Rhizoma Acori Graminei(RAG) water extract. As the result of this study, In RP and RAG group, the apoptosis in the nervous system is inhibited, the repair against the degeneration of Neuroblastoma cells by CT105 expression is induced. These results indicate that In RP and RAG, RAG possess the strongest in inhibitory effect of apoptosis in the nervous system and repair effect against the degeneration of Neuroblastoma cells by CT105 expression.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2018

Objectives : Cheongnoimyungshin-hwan (CNMSH) is a Herbal compound prescription that is composed mainly of herbal medicines such as Ginseng Radix Alba, Angelicae Gigantis Radix, Dioscoreae Rhizoma, Longan Arillus and cornus cervi parvum, and for the purpose of improving memory and preventing dementia. Methods : In this study, it was investigated whether CNMSH could suppress inflammatory response and oxidative stress in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. As a result, CNMSH decreased expression of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase and cyclooxygenase-2, and also inhibited production of NO, prostaglandin E2. Results : This effect was associated with the suppression of the expression of p65, one of the nuclear factor-kappaB ($NF-{\kappa}B$) subunits, and increased expression of $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$, inhibit the $NF-{\kappa}B$ transcription factor. In addition, CNMSH significantly blocked intracellular reactive oxygen species accumulation in response to LPS stimulation. Furthermore, CNMSH increased expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf)-2 activation and heme oxygenase (HO)-1. Conclusions : Therefore, it has been shown anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects by inhibiting the expression and production of inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated macrophages, and is associated with ROS generation and is activated by Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.

• 생약학회지
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• 제38권2호통권149호
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• pp.133-138
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• 2007

Regarding chemical changes in oriental drugs after food processing such as roasting, fermentation, and extrusion, fifty commonly-used medicinal plants were investigated. As a result, Aurantii nobilis Pericarpium (a tangerine peel from Citrus unshu Markovich) showed remarkably different HPLC profiles after being roasted. An increased peak was isolated by repeated chromatography and identified as 5-hydroxymethyl furfral (5-HMF) by means of instrumental analyses. The 5-HMF content of Aurantii nobilis Pericarpoum reached its maximum level after being roasted for 30 min at 225$^{\circ}C$ (49.2 mg/g extract, ca 42 times of increase over untreated control). Although there were no significant changes in in vitro biological activity such as antioxidative, anti-dementia, anti-hypertension, anti-coagulation, or cytotoxicity, before and after roasting process, our results suggested that simple heat treatment might improve the value of the above oriental drug since 5-HMF has been known to possess inhibitory activities toward nitric oxide formation, tyrosinase, and sickling of red blood cells.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.135-145
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• 2005

Objectives : This study investigated effect of Evodiae fructus water extract (EVOR) on apoptotic cell death induced by NaCN in SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cell lines. NaCN stimulates glutamate release which can activate glutamate receptors to initiate excitotoxic processes. This study examines the role of EVOR in mediating NaCN-induced cytotoxicity. Methods & Results : Cytotoxicity was assessed by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the culture media. NaCN(0.1mM) produced cytotoxicity following 12hrs of incubation. NaCN-induced cytotoxicity was partially blocked by EVOR. The treatment of EVOR in simultaneous exposure of cultures to NaCN provided complete protection against cytotoxicity. NaCN-induced cytotoxicity was found to inhibit DNA fragmentation, repaired by cell cycle and simultaneous exposure to NaCN, regenerated with neurite outgrowh by EVOR. These results indicate thaf damage by NaCN in neumnal cell cultures was repaired by EVOR, whereas NaCN-induced cytotoxicity is blocked Primarily by activation of anti-apoptosis. Conclusions : These results suggest that EVOR may be beneficial for the treatment of dementia and other degenerative problems of the central nervous system.