• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.321-325
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• 2010

Among endogenous oral microflora, Streptococcus mutans plays a critical role in dental plaque formation, which mainly contributes to the development of caries and periodontal disease. Phytochemicals are plant-derived chemical compounds that have been studied as beneficial nutrients to human health. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of phytochemicals against S. mutans. Among them, oleanolic acid (OA) and 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furfural (HF) from Thomson seedless raisins were tested for anti-microbial effects against various clinically important bacteria. OA inhibited the growth of Gram-positive bacteria, but not Gram-negative bacteria. However, HF did not display any antibacterial effect against any of the strains tested. OA also exhibited inhibitory effects in surface adherence and biofilm formation of S. mutans. The results suggest that OA can be utilized as a potential anti-plaque and anti-caries agent by controlling the physiological characteristics of S. mutans on teeth.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.159-166
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• 2008

An ideal anti-bacterial medication for oral infection requires selective effect on pathogens causing dental caries and periodontal disease but not on normal flora. In addition, it should be less toxic for human and even for environment. This study was to seek such a natural anti-bacterial medication and thus anti-bacterial effect of Hamamelis virginiana was evaluated. Many recent researches on the anti-bacterial effect of natural plant extract and essential oil have reported that natural products can be used as medication for prevention and restrainment of dental caries, halitosis and periodontitis. It has been also reported that Hamamelis virginiana has anti-bacterial effect on Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Capnocytophaga gingivalis, Veilonella parvula, Eikenella corrodens, Peprostreptococcus micros, and Actinomyces odontolyticus. This study evaluated anti-bacterial effect of Hamamelis virginiana on Streptoccoccus mutans, Haemophylus actinomycetemcomitans, and Klebsiella pneumoniae to expand its anti-bacterial effect on other important oral pathogens and eventually to develop its oral care products or apply to clinical purpose. In this study, anti-bacterial tests for antibiotic disk susceptibility, minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal bactericidal concentration were performed to evaluate anti-bacterial effect of Hamamelis virginiana against Streptoccoccus mutans, Haemophylus actinomycetemcomitans, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The results showed that Hamamelis virginiana has anti-bacterial effect on all pathogen strains tested in this study and furthermore Hamamelis virginiana possesses bactericidal effect other than bacteriostatic effect on Streptoccoccus mutans, Haemophylus actinomycetemcomitans, Klebsiella pneumoniae. This study indicates that a natural anti-bacterial medication for oral diseases can be developed using Hamamelis virginiana.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.367-373
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-caries effect of the essential oils and chlorhexidine mouth rinse. 42 subjects were randomized allocated to the chlorhexidine (n=22) and essential oils group (n=20). Subjects were instructed to rinsing each mouthwash by 15 ml once a day during the 7 days. The CRT and Cariview scores were recorded at baseline and 4 weeks after treatment. Data was analysed by using PASW 18.0 program with independent t-test and paired t-test. After 1 month, Cariview score was shown reducing compare to baseline. However, there were no significant differences between the groups. High risk level of MS and LB was decreased to 9~15% after treatment in two groups. Both of the chlorhexidine and essential oils mouth wash showed an antiplaque effect. Although chlorhexidine continues to be the "gold standard" in terms of antiplaque effect, essential oils could be considered a reliable alternative antimicrobial agent.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.32 no.2 s.89
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• pp.192-197
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• 2006

This study was performed to investigate anti-microbial activity of soybean extract against oral microbes, and to determine the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) for microbes causing oral diseases. The soybean extract was prepared using ethyl acetate and it was treated with 16 types of oral microbes at a concentration of 5.00 mg/ml (0.5%). The MIC of soybean extract for three major microbes causing oral diseases was determined. The anti-microbial activity and MIC were measured using broth dilution method. Significant reduction of microbial activities of 9 types oral microbes when the soybean extract was added to the broth compared to the control (p<0.01). The extract showed higher anti-microbial activity against some anaerobic strains (P. gingivalis and P. intermieia). S. mutans, which causes dental caries, showed MIC at a concentration of 40 mg/ml for the soybean extract. P. gingivalis, which causes adult periodontal disease, showed MIC at a concentration of 20 mg/ml for the extract. C. albicans, which causes denture stomatitis and angular stomatitis, showed MIC at a concentration of 20 mg/ml for the extract. These results indicate that soybean extract showed anti-microbial effort against 9 types of oral microbes, and the anti-microbial effect of the extract against oral microbes was stronger against fungi than against bacteria. The anti-microbial mechanism of soybean extract against oral microbes should be investigated, and more research for clinical application is required at a level of actual intake.

• Journal of Korean Dental Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.164-171
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• 2023

Purpose: To evaluate the antimicrobial persistence of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) and silver fluoride (AgF) on Streptococcus mutans. Materials and Methods: An in vitro experiment was conducted to observe changes in the diameter of the inhibition zone of various materials, including AgF (Riva Star Aqua^TM step 1; SDI), potassium iodine (Riva star aqua^TM step 2; SDI), Fluor protector^® (FP, Ivoclar Vivadent), SDF (Riva star^TM step 1; SDI), Ampicillin (Sigma-Aldrich), Amphotericin B (Nexstar) and negative control on S. mutans. Result: SDF, AgF and FP exhibited significant antimicrobial persistence over the 4 weeks period (P<0.05). At day 28, the diameter of inhibition zone was larger in SDF than in AgF. Conclusion: SDF and AgF have significant antibacterial durability against bacteria commonly associated with dental caries, with the antimicrobial effect lasting for at least 4 weeks. Further clinical studies are needed to validate these findings in vivo.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.207-212
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• 2008

This study was performed to investigate the anti-microbial activity of extract from Korean fermented soybean paste (doen-jang) against 16 types of oral microbes, and to determine the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of the extract for three major microbes causing human oral diseases (Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Candida albicans). The extract was prepared using ethyl acetate and it was treated with the oral microbes at a concentration of 5.00 mg/ml (0.5%). The anti-microbial activity and MIC were measured using broth dilution method. Significant reduction of microbial activities of 16 types of oral microbes occurred when the soybean paste extract was added to the broth compared to the control (p<0.01), and striking inhibition (more than 99%) was observed in ten types. S. mutans, which causes dental caries, showed MIC at a concentration of 1.25 mg/ml for the extract. P. gingivalis, which causes adult periodontal disease, showed MIC at a concentration of 2.50 mg/ml for the extract. C. albicans, which causes denture stomatitis and angular stomatitis, showed MIC at a concentration of 20 mg/ml for the extract. These results indicate that ethyl acetate extract of doen-jang showed strong anti-microbial effect against 16 types of oral microbes, and the anti-microbial effect of the extract against oral microbes was stronger against bacteria than against fungi. The anti-microbial effect might be possibly enhanced by the fermentation of soybeans.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.1001-1013
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• 2020

The formation of biofilms on the enamel surface of teeth by Streptococcus mutans is an important step in dental plaque formation, demineralization, and early caries because the biofilm is where other bacteria involved in dental caries attach, grow, and proliferate. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of phosvitin (PSV) on the biofilm formation, exopolysaccharides (EPS) production, adherence activity of S. mutans, and the expression of genes related to the compounds essential for biofilm formation (quorum-sensing inducers and components of biofilm matrix) by S. mutans. PSV significantly reduced the biofilm-forming activity of S. mutans and increased the degradation of preformed biofilms by S. mutans. PSV inhibited the adherence activity of S. mutans by 31.9%-33.6%, and the production of EPS by 62%-65% depending upon the strains and the amount of PSV added. The expressions of genes regulating the production of EPS and the quorum-sensing-inducers (gtfA, gtfD, ftf, relA, vicR, brpA, and comDE) in all S. mutans strains were down-regulated by PSV, but gtfB was down-regulated only in S. mutans KCTC 5316. Therefore, the anti-biofilm-forming activity of PSV was accomplished through the inhibition of biofilm formation, adherence activity, and the production of quorum-sensing inducers and EPS by S. mutans.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.614-622
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• 1995

Root caries is very frequently developed on exposed root surface after periodontal surgical treatment. In order to determine the anti-caries effect of Nd : YAG laser irradiation on periodontally exposed root surface, 40 mandibular molar teeth that had been extracted due to excessive periodontal destruction were used as the experimental teeth. All teeth were treated by the same procedure as conventional periodontal root treatment, ie thorough scaling, root planing and root conditioning with tetracycline HCl(100mg/ml, 5min.). Within middle one third of root, mesial half surface(20) or distal half surface(20) was randomly irradiated at various power of 1.0W, 2.0W, 3.0W and 4.0W for 60 seconds by non-contact(5mm) delivery of a pulsed Nd : YAG laser(EN.EL.EN060, Italy). The microhardness was measured by Vikers microhardness tester(Wilson, USA) at 2mm/second of jog speed under 100gm load. The difference of microhardness between irradiated side and non-irradiated side was statistically analyzed ANOVA and Duncan's method. Following results were obtained ; 1. The microhardness(Knoop hardness number) was significantly higher in laser irradiated surface than non-irradiated surface(p<0.05). 2. There was no significant difference in microhardness between experimental groups classified by different laser power(p>0.1). The results suggest that Nd : YAG laser irradiation on exposed root suface after periodontal therapy may inhibit the root caries development by enhancing surface microhardness.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.33 no.1 s.94
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• pp.21-29
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• 2007

Paeonia lactiflora was stepwise extracted with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and water. Anti-microbial activity of each extract was investigated. Methanol extract of P. lactiflora revealed anti-microbial activity against S. mutans, C. albicans, and S. aureus. Also, hexane fraction revealed anti-bacterial activity against S. mutans and ethyl acetate fraction acted as potent anti-microbial agent on C. albicans and S. aureus. The relative growth ratio(RGR) of hexane fraction of P. lactiflora against S. mutans were determined as 77.8% in concentration of 0.125 mg/ml, 98.46% in 0.25 mg/ml and 100% in 0.5 mg/ml. The ethyl acetate fraction of P. lactiflora revealed RGR against C. albicans as 52.5% in concentration of 0.125 mg/ml, 60.83% in 0.25 mg/ml and 78.33% in 0.5 mg/ml. It indicate that increasing concentration increase RGR. The measured minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) of hexane fraction on S. mutans KCTC 5316 strain was 0.5 mg/ml and MIC of ethyl acetate fraction on C. albicans KCTC 7270 was 2.0 mg/ml. The experiment of inhibition to growth of KB roll(oral squamous cell carcinoma) result 61.9% in butanol, 76.7% in hexane extract of P. lactiflora. The hexane extract exhibit potent inhibition effect to the growth of KB cell. These results suggest that the hexane extract of Paeonia lactiflora has antimicrobial activity against S. mutans and has preventive effect to dental caries in addition to potent inhibition to KB cell growth.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.406-415
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• 2020

Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is an effective and efficient agent for arresting dental caries. It can be useful in treating children with behavioral or medical limitations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of SDF by using salivary biofilm. Pellicle-like saliva coated structure was prepared by using unstimulated saliva. For developing cariogenic biofilm, Streptococcus mutans was added to the mixture of pooled saliva and inoculated into a saliva coated glass or chamber. SDF was applied to cariogenic biofilm to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of SDF. As time passed, total bacteria and S. mutans were reduced after application of SDF (p < 0.000). Confocal laser scanning microscope also showed the increment of the ratio of dead cell. As a result of experiment using enamel and dentin of primary teeth, it was confirmed that the growth of cariogenic biofilm was inhibited when the SDF was treated (p = 0.029 each). This study showed excellent anti-microbial effect of SDF. And anti-caries effect in clinical practice can be expected.