• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.49-56
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• 2017

Objectives : This study investigated the anti-oxidant activities and improving effect of Phellinus linteus and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Extract (PGE) on Atopic Dermatitis. Methods : 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, 2,2′-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical, Hydrogen peroxides scavenging activities and Superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activities were used for the measurement of anti-oxidant ability. Cytotoxicity of PGE in Raw 264.7 cell was evaluated by MTT assay. To evaluate the anti-atopic dermatitis effect of PGE, a total of 33 patients with atopic dermatitis were observed trans epidermal water loss, skin moisture content, modified SCORAD index of atopic dermatitis and pruritic degree after applying the PGE for 4 weeks. Results : PGE scavenged DPPH ($IC_{50}=25ppm$) effectively, ABTS and Hydrogenperoxides scavenged similar to BHA. As for the SOD-like activity, it had lower effect than ascorbic acid, but it comparable activities in 500ppm. There was no cytotoxicity at PGE at concentrations of 10,000ppm. In clinical research about PGE on patients with atopic dermatitis, skin condition was improved. After 4 weeks, the application of PGE increased skin moisture content from 19.43 to 31.22. Moreover, it reduced the skin temperature (from 32.5 to 31.9), skin pH (from 5.39 to 5.22), trans epidermal water loss (from 39.03 to 24.46) and pruritus score (from 6.07 to 3.87). In addition, the Modified SCORAD index decreased from 31.28 to 20.3. Conclusions : In conclusion, PGE possesses anti-oxidant and anti-atopic dermatitis activities, thus it could be potentially valuable as anti-atopic dermatitis material.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.10-20
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• 2016

Objectives: Poncirus trifoliata Rafinesque has been known to have anti-allergic effects in skin diseases. However, anti-atopic dermatitis effects of P. trifoliata Rafinesque have not been studied yet in skin diseases. The present study evaluated the anti-atopic dermatitis effects of P. trifoliata Rafinesque (PTR) using external treatments on AD. Methods: AD lesions were induced by the repeated application of 2, 4-Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) on the shaved back of BALB/c mice. $100{\mu}{\ell}$ of PTR extracts was applied to the AD lesions for 11 days. Histological assessments, mast cells count and serum levels of IgE were analyzed. The anti-pruritic effects of PTR were examined by the change of scratching frequency and nerve growth factor (NGF) expression. In addition, the anti-inflammatory effects of PTR were examined by the expressions of Th2/Th1 cytokines and pro-inflammatory in dorsal skin. Results: Histopathological findings showed that topical application of PTR decreased the thickness of dermal and epidermal skin compared with the DNCB group. PTR also notably decreased the mast cells count and serum IgE. The scratching behavior of mice and expression of NGF were significantly reduced. In addition, PTR group significantly suppressed the IL-4, IL-6, IFN-${\gamma}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$ cytokines compared to the DNCB group. Conclusions: These results indicated that P. trifoliata Rafinesque possess anti-pruritus and anti-atopic dermatitis properties. Therefore, P. trifoliata Rafinesque might be used for treatment of pruritus and atopic dermatitis.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.72-83
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• 2006

Objective : This study was designed to identify lipid protection formation in stratum corneum and anti-inflammatory effects of Sopungdojeok-tang(SD) on atopic dermatitis(AD). Materials and Methods : In Vivo, SD extract was orally administered to BALB/c mice at $2.5m{\ell}/kg/day$ for 2 days after 5% sodium dodecyl sulfate evoked atopic dermatitis in abdominal skin. Morphological changes were observed by immunohistochemical stain using monoclonal antibodies(BrdU, ceramide, MIP-2, $NF-{\kappa}B$ p50, IL-4, and STAT6) and TUNEL method. In vitro, the alterations of IL-4 mRNA expression were detected by RT-PCT in SD extract treated EL4 cells after phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate and 4-tert-Octylphenol induce Th2 skewed condition. Results : SD is used in Oriental Medicine for its potential curative for atopic dermatitis. In this study, we have investigated the anti-inflammatory and lipid lamella repair effects of SD were investigated. SD decreased the number of eosinophil in atopic dermatitis induced mice. In the histological properties, the hyperplasia, edema, infiltration of lymphocytes, damage of intercellular space of stratum corneum, BrdU positive reacted cells in stratum basal, and degranulated mast cells and capillaries in dermal papillae decreased in mice with SD. Treatment of SD also decreased MIP-2, STAT6 and IL-4 in dermal papillae. The IL-4 mRNA expression decreased in a dose-dependant manner in SD treated EL4 cells. In addition, decrease of $NF-{\kappa}B$ p50 and increase of apoptotic cells in dermis were observed in SD treated mice. These data suggest that SD may beneficial for atopic dermatitis. Conclusions : These data suggest that SD is beneficial in treatment of atopic dermatitis, and that SD provides lipid protection in stratum corneum and anti-inflammatory effects on atopic dermatitis.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.75-84
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• 2011

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease associated with cutaneous hyper-reactivity to environmental triggers. In order to develop effective therapeutic herbal extracts for atopic dermatitis, cytotoxicity, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activities were investigated for various herbal extracts. Among candidate extracts, we selected Aloe vera L. (AV), Viola mandshurica W. Becker (VM), Punica granatum L. (PG), Dendrobium nobile L. (DN) and mixture of the above extracts (MX) for further investigations. All of them did not show cytotoxic activities to macrophage RAW264.7 cells below the concentration of 100 ppm. All showed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects, although to various extents. In antioxidant effects, AV showed the highest effect, followed by PG and VM, while DN did the lowest. In evaluation for anti-inflammatory activities in macrophage RAW264.7 cells, AV and DN inhibited almost completely the LPS-induced production of nitric oxide, while AV, DN and VM showed strong inhibitory activities on the LPS-induced production of TNF-${\alpha}$. In anti-allergy effect in mast cell HMC-1, DN showed the highest effect, followed by AV and PG, while VM did the lowest. In the topical allergy reaction induced by compound 48/80 in Sprague-Dawley rat, DN exhibited significant anti-allergic effect, while PG, VM and AV did slight effect. These results suggest that AV, VM, PG and DN have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activities, and thus have the potential to reduce and alleviate the symptoms of atopic dermatitis.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.349-356
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• 2018

Generally, berry fruits have various pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation and anti-cancer effects. The effects of gooseberry, a berry fruits, on atopic dermatitis (AD) have not been widely examined. The aim of this present study is to investigate whether gooseberry modulates AD. We examined the pharmacological effects of gooseberry on 2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced AD symptoms in mice. To determine the anti-atopic mechanism of gooseberry, we investigated its effects on the production of inflammatory cytokines and activation of nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ in PMA + ionophore -stimulated human mast cells (HMC-1). The results demonstrated that gooseberry attenuated AD clinical symptoms such as erythema, edema and dryness as well as histamine and IgE serum levels in DNCB-induced AD model mice. Additionally, gooseberry suppressed the expression of inflammatory cytokines and activation of nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ in stimulated HMC-1. These findings demonstrate that gooseberry is potential agent for treating AD and allergic inflammation.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.276-283
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• 2022

Saccharina japonica (SJ), a brown algae, exerts various pharmacological effects, including anti-oxidant, immunemodulating and anti-cancer properties. This study aimed to determine the pharmacological mechanism of SJ on atopic dermatitis in vivo and in vitro. We investigated the pharmacological effects of SJ on 2, 4-dinitrochlrobenzene (DNCB)- induced atopic dermatitis clinical symptoms in mice. Additionally, we evaluated the effects of SJ on the inflammatory cytokine production and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation in HaCaT cells. The findings of this study demonstrated that SJ reduced the clinical symptoms of atopic dermatitis, such as skin dryness, erythema and eczematous, and serum histamine and IgE level in DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis model. Additionally, SJ inhibited the NF-κB activation in atopic dermatitis-like skin lesion and HaCaT cells. Collectively, this result suggests that SJ could be used as a therapeutic agent for skin inflammation, including atopic dermatitis.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.98-105
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• 2008

Background: Allergic inflammation was induced by activated Th2 lymphocytes, leading to IgE production and eosinophil activation. A Th2 disproportion was shown in atopic children soon after birth. During specific allergen stimulation, an increase of Th2 cells was observed in most cases. In this study, we prepared new screening "whole blood" system for searching the anti-atopic materials. Cytokine production and IgE secretion from whole blood system were assessed and we confirmed the results by using animal system. Methods: Pathological features in NC/Nga mice are similar to those observed in human atopic dermatitis. Whole blood from NC/Nga mouse was stimulated by using TNCB (Th2 activator) or candidate materials of anti-atopic dermatitis, and the production of cytokines (IL-4, IL-12, and IFN-${\gamma}$) were measured by ELISA. In order to confirm the results of whole blood system, in vivo test was done by using NC/Nga mice. Results: In whole blood system, LPS and extracts of green tea, hardy orange and onion induced the production of IL-12 and IFN-${\gamma}$ while they reduced the production of IL-4. Also, LPS and extracts of onion reduced IgE production. Though atopic dermatitis was observed from a mouse stimulated with TNCB, it was not when a mouse was co-stimulated in LPS or extracts of onion. The results are same as those observed in whole blood system. Conclusion: Whole blood system was simple and speedy methods for searching a materials compared with the conventional high-cost animal system. And the results using whole blood system was proved to be reliable in our experiments for screening anti-atopic material. We expect that the system can be applied to other experiments for searching similar materials.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-oxidative and anti-atopic dermatitis effects of persimmon leaf extract obtained from Cheongdo-gun, where more than 60% of Korean persimmon is produced. Methods : Anti-oxidative effects of the crude persimmon leaf extract harvested monthly between May and November were determined by in vitro assay using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like reaction. Anti-atopic dermatitis effects of the crude persimmon leaf extract were determined by using collagenase type I inhibition assay and by quantitative assays including serum histamine, prostaglandin E metabolite and leukotriene $B_4$ levels in animal model of atopic dermatitis using Balb/c mice. Results : Persimmon leaf extract harvested in May had higher levels of total phenolic compounds (182.24 mg/g) and flavonoids (23.05 mg/g) than the ones of different month extract. Also, persimmon leaf extract harvested in May showed the most effective extract scavenging activities of DPPH free radical ($13.39{\pm}0.21\;{\mu}g/ml$) and superoxide anion radical ($40.52{\pm}2.32\;{\mu}g/ml$), leading to use the persimmon leaf extract harvested in May for the experiments hereafter. Persimmon leaf extract showed $326.71{\pm}4.6\;{\mu}g/ml$ of 50% inhibitory concentration ($IC_{50}$) for collagenase type I which is responsible for the degradation of extracellular matrix. In addition, persimmon leaf extract application group could decrease serum levels of histamine, prostaglandin E metabolite and leukotriene $B_4$ compared to the negative control in animal model of atopic dermatitis. Especially, persimmon leaf extract showed a significantly decreased serum leukotriene $B_4$ level relative to the levels of histamine and prostaglandin E metabolite. Conclusions : Persimmon leaf extract showed anti-oxidative and anti-atopic dermatitis effects in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest that persimmon leaf extract may have immunoregulatory function for alleviating atopic dermatitis by decreasing collagenase activity and mast cell activation.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.700-703
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• 2010

In this study, plant extracts including Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. and Phellodendron amurense were studied to test possible application for cosmetics and skin related medicine. Anti-oxidation effect of plant extracts was measured by DPPH free radical scavenging activity and it was insignificant at low concentration, however, it was as good as vitamin C, excellent anti-oxidation agent, at $1000{\mu}g/ml$. Anti-bacterial effect was tested by disc diffusion method, and plant extracts showed mild anti-bacterial effect for normal skin flora, Staphylococcus epidermidis while it indicated strong anti-bacterial effect for acne inducing Propionibacterium acne. Therefore it had powerful potential for anti-acne material because of selectivity. Anti-atopic dermatitis effect was tested by hairless mouse and plant extracts recovered damaged skin to near normal condition after 14 days of treatment. IgE concentration in treated mouse was decreased 16% compared with control. From the research, plant extracts indicated strong anti-acne and anti-atopic dermatitis effect, and showed strong potential for cosmetics and skin related medicine.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.29-42
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• 2017

Objectives : Atopic dermatitis accompanies with severe pruritus and collapse of skin barrier, inflammation. Maifanite could be used as an ointment for skin disease. However, there have been few studies about maifanite uses for atopic dermatitis. We report the anti-inflammatory and promoting skin recovery effects of ionized maifanite on damaged skin barrier with experimentally elicited atopic dermatitis. Methods : Nc/Nga mice were divided into 3 groups: control group(CON), atopic dermatitis elicited group(AE group), ionized maifanite treated group after atopic dermatitis elicitation(MT group). After 5% SDS was applied D. pteronyssinus crude extract also applied for 3 weeks to elicit atopic dermatitis-like skin disease. MT group was treated for 3 weeks with ionized maifanite. Ionized maifanite was applied once a day and voluntarily administrated. AE group and control group were treated with normal saline in the same way. Results : In MT group, skin lesions like eczema were more improved than AE group. p-ERK1/2 positive reaction was reduced in MT group. MMP-9 and substance P positive reaction at dermal papillae was also reduced in MT group. With skin angiogram, capillary vessel decreased in MT group. Also, IL-4 positive reaction cell and STAT-6 positive reaction cell reduced more in MT group than in AE group. $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65 positive reaction cell and iNOS positive reaction cell also declined more in MT group than in AE group. Conclusions : It is supposed that ionized maifanite has anti-inflammatory effects on NC/Nga mice's atopic dermatitis with suppressing IL-4 production and Th2 cell differentiation, and controlling $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation.