• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.37-47
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• 2000

The Urban thermal environment is influenced and modified in many ways. One modification is brought by the anthropogenic heat generation emitted from the combustion processes and the use of energy such as industrial, domestic and traffic procedure. The anthropogenic heat generation affect an the increase of urban temperature, the well-known urban heat islands. The study on the urban thermal environment needs a great deal of the statistic data about the inner-structure of urban, the contribution of different constructions and the traffic amount on urban thermal environment in finite region. In order to overtake a quantitative analysis of effect of the anthropogenic heat, a distribution map of the urban anthropogenic heat was made using hte data of the energy consumption used at the several constructions and traffic amount of vehicles in Pusan Metropolitan. Annual mean heat flux over the 4$\textrm{km}^2$ urbanized area in Pusan is 41.5W/$m^2$, ranging from 31.4W/$m^2$ in summertime to 59.5W/$m^2$ in wintertime and maximum diurnal anthropogenic heat generation is corresponding to 10% of irradiance during summertime.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.363-372
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• 2000

In order to overtake a quantitative analysis of effect of anthropogenic heat and different land-use on urban thermal environment numerical simulation of surface energy budget was carried out under typical summer synoptic condition. It is beneficial to understand surface temperature of complex urban surace. The different land-use types are classified of rice field farm fruit garden residential region forest water and swamp by using map scaled 1/25000 of Pusan metropolitan. The model predicts that maximum heat island intensity in the central part of Pusan is 7$^{\circ}C$ at 2000 LST in summertime. The surface temperature is propotional to the density of constructions. The effect of anthropogenic heat generation on surface temperature is the increase of 0.3$^{\circ}C$ at 1400LST in the central part of Pusan during summertime.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.511-520
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• 2000

The urban atmosphere is characterized by th difference in surface and atmospheric environment between urban and more natural area. To investigate th climatic effect of land use type and anthropogenic heat of urban on wind field, numerical simulations were carried out under typical summer synoptic condition. The wind model PNU_MCM(Pusan National University Mesoscale Circulation Model) is based on the three-dimensional Boussinesq equations, taking into account the hydrostatic assumption . Since lane-use differs over every subdivision on Pusan the surface energy budget model includes sub0grid parameterization scheme which can calculate the total heat flux over a grid surface composed of different surfaces. The simulated surface wind agrees well with the observed value, and average over 6 days which represent typical summer lan-sea breeze days, August 1998, i.e. negligible gradient winds and almost clear skies. Urbanization makes sea-breeze enhance at day and reduce land-breeze at night. The results show that contribution of land-use type is much larger than that of anthropogenic heat in Pusan.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.397-407
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• 2010

The increase of the solar reradiation from urban areas relative to suburban due to urbanization heats up the air temperature in urban areas and this is called the urban heat island (UHI) effect. This UHI effect has a positive relationship with the degree of urbanization. Through the studies on UHI using the satellite imagery, the effect of the surface heat radiation was observed by verifying the relationship between the air temperature and the land cover types (surface materials such as urban, vegetation, etc.). In this study, however, the surface temperature distribution was studied in terms of land use types for Seoul. Using land use types, the surface temperature in urban areas such as residential, industrial, and commercial areas in Yeongdeungpo, highly packed with industrial and residential buildings, was maximum $6^{\circ}C$ higher than in the bare ground, which indicated that the surface temperature reflected the pattern of the human-consumed energy on the areas and showed that one of the important causes influencing the air temperature except the surface heat reradiation by the sun is the anthropogenic heat. Also, the effect due to the restoration of the Chunggae stream on UHI was investigated. The average surface temperature for the Chunggae stream was reduced about $0.4^{\circ}C$ after restoration. Considering that each satellite image pixel includes mixture of several materials such as concrete and asphalt, the average surface temperature might be much lower locally reducing UHI near the stream.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제12권10호
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• pp.1121-1129
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• 2003

We report the distributions of Sb and As in the surface sediment of the Yellow Sea and the coastal areas of Korea. The mean concentrations of Sb and As range from 0.68 ppm to 1.01 ppm and from 7.4 ppm to 15.8 ppm, respectively, and show relatively the high concentrations at the coast of Weolseong in the East Sea for Sb and at the coast of Gadeok Island in the South Sea far As. This may be due to the anthropogenic input of these elements via river and atmosphere from industry complex and agriculture regions around the study areas. Because of the difference of clay to silt proportion, the correlation between silt plus clay contents and Sb, As in the coastal surface sediment of Korea is not shown, the concentrations of Sb and As vary widely for the sample in which the silt plus clay contents are the same. Therefore, we suggest that the distribution patterns of Sb and As in surface sediment of the Yellow Sea and the coastal areas of Korea are mainly controlled by the anthropogenic inputs and the sediment characteristics. On the other hand, the Sb concentrations are lower than those of the lowest effect level which is the standard of judgment for contamination, while the As concentrations are higher than those of the lowest effect level. This implies that the surface sediments of the Yellow Sea and the coastal areas of Korea are considerably contaminated for As.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.516-522
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 두루미류의 서식밀도에 영향을 주는 요인 중 인위적 요인에 의한 영향을 평가하고자 하였다. 대상지역은 강원도 철원군의 민간인통제지역이며 2009년부터 2014년까지 매년 1월의 두루미와 재두루미의 분포를 대상으로 하였다. 인위적 요인인 도로, 거주지 및 군사시설로 부터의 거리에 따른 두루미류의 밀도를 파악하였으며, 비닐하우스의 분포밀도 차이에 따른 두루미류의 서식밀도를 평가하였다. 두루미와 재두루미는 동일지점에서 서식밀도 상관관계가 있었기 때문에 인위적 요인에 대해 유사한 민감성을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 거주지와 가까운 곳은 두루미와 재두루미 모두 낮은 서식밀도를 보였으며, 2.5km 구간까지 거리가 멀어질수록 밀도가 증가하는 양상을 보였다. 이는 군사시설 및 통행량이 높은 도로와 유사한 양상이었으며, 군사시설로 부터는 약 0.8km까지, 통행량이 높은 도로는 2km 구간까지 요인으로부터 멀어질수록 서식밀도가 증가하였다. 이러한 경향은 인가지역과 군사시설 및 통행량이 높은 도로가 두루미류의 서식밀도에 일정범위까지 악영향을 주는 것을 의미하였다. 통행량이 적은 도로와 인접한 곳은 간헐적 간섭으로 먹이자원이 보전되어 있어 밀도가 높은 것으로 판단되었다. 비닐하우스의 밀도가 낮은 곳에서는 밀도가 증가할수록 두루미류의 서식밀도가 감소하는 경향을 보였는데, 비닐하우스의 밀도가 40개/$km^2$ 미만인 경우에서 나타났다. 하지만 비닐하우스의 밀도가 40개/$km^2$ 이상인 지역에서는 뚜렸한 밀도의 감소가 나타나지 않았다.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제60권3호
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• pp.37-50
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• 2018

Local climate characteristics for both urban and rural areas can be attributed to multiple factors. Two factors affecting these characteristics include: 1) greenhouse gases related to global warming, and 2) urban heat island (UHI) effects caused by changes in surface land use and energy balances related to rapid urbanization. Because of the unique hydrological and climatological characteristics of cities compared with rural and forested areas, distinguishing the impacts of global warming urbanization is important. In this study, we analyzed anthropogenic climatic changes caused by rapid urbanization. Weather elements (maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and precipitation) over the last 60 years (1955-2016) are compared in urban areas (Seoul, Incheon, Pohang, Daegu, Jeonju, Ulsan, Gwangju, Busan) and rural/forested areas (Gangneung, Chupungnyeong, Mokpo, and Yeosu). Temperature differences between these areas reveal the effects of urbanization and global warming. The findings of this study can be used to analyze and forecast the impacts of climate change and urbanization in other urban and non-urban areas.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.119-124
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• 2017

Hexavalent chromium is a bio accumulative toxic metal in water and fish. It enters aquaculture ponds mainly through anthropogenic sources. Hexavalent chromium concentrations and its effects on the morphology and behavior of Clarias gariepinus were investigated from four aquaculture ponds for 12 weeks. Chromium was measured using diphenyl carbohdrazide method; alkalinity and hardness were measured using colometric method and analyzed with Bench Photometer. Temperature and pH were measured using pH/EC/TDS/Temp combined tester. Temporal and spatial replications of samples were done with triplicates morphological and behavioural effects of the metal on fish were observed visually. Chromium ranged from no detection to 0.05 mg/L, alkalinity 105 to 245 mg/L, hardness 80 to 165 mg/L, pH 6.35 to 8.03 and temperature 29.1 to $35.9^{\circ}C$. Trend in the chromium concentrations in the ponds is natural > earthen > concrete > collapsible. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in chromium, alkalinity, water hardness, pH and temperature among the four ponds. Significant positive correlation also existed between alkalinity, water hardness, pH, with chromium. Morphological and behavioural changes observed in the fish include irregular swimming, frequent coming to the surface, dark body colouration, mucous secretion on the body, erosion of gill epithelium, fin disintegration, abdominal distension and lethargy. High chromium concentration in natural pond was due to anthropogenic run-off of materials in to the pond. Acidic pH, low alkalinity, low water hardness also contributed to the high chromium concentration. Morphological and behavioural changes observed were attributed to the high concentrations, toxicity and bio accumulative effect of the metal. Toxicity of chromium to fish in aquaculture could threaten food security. Watershed best management practices and remediation could be adopted to reduce the effects of toxicity of chromium on pond water quality, fish flesh quality and fish welfare.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.71-82
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• 1985

The effect on the particulate matters in the atmosphere was investigated in Seoul area from March, 1984 to Aprill, 1985. Aerosols were collected by filters on nine stages Andrsen Air Sampler, and size distribution and total concentration of the aerosols, Fe and Pb were measured. In spring with Yellow Sand the concentration of particles in aerosols was 185.55$\mug/m^3$ and CP/TA was 65.9%. But in spring without Yellow Sand those of particles was 135.45$\mug/m^3$ and CP/TA was 58.6%. Accordingly the concentration of coarse particles with Yellow Sand was higher than without them in Spring. Above results indicate that in Seoul Area the main source of air pollution originated from natural burdens, especially from soil. The concentration of Pb was similarly valued through both seasons in Seoul area but fine particles valued above coarse particles. On the other hand, in urban area, the natural and anthropogenic sources have influenced on the concentration of Pb. With referred to particle size distribution for Fe, the concentration of coarse particles was 0.168$\etag/m^3$ (CP/TA: 74.3%) in Spring with Yellow Sand, 0.096$\mug/m^3$ (CP/TA: 71.6%) without Yellow Sand and 0.083$\mug/m^3$ (CP/TA: 67.4%) in winter, respectively. Compared with fine particles, all of them were higher. It indicated that the origin of coarse particles in urban air was not related to anthropogenic source. The concentration of Fe was influenced by Yellow Sand and contributed to air pollution.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.85-98
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate the geochemical factors governing the distribution of heavy metals(Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in the marine surface sediment samples collected from the Samcheonpo coal-fired power plant. Variations of absolute metal concentrations were related to those in textural and/or carbonate and organic matter content. Most elements, except for Pb, showed generally lower contents compared with the average shale concentration, and the effect of anthropogenic input appeared to be minimal in the sediments. Computations of LF%(labile fraction) and EF(enrichment factor) based on all trace metal data indicated the presence of mineralogical control for Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn, and anthropogenic contamination for Pb, which needs to be considered in the design of long term monitoring programmes.