Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5487/TR.2017.33.2.119

Dynamics of Hexavalent Chromium in Four Types of Aquaculture Ponds and Its Effects on the Morphology and Behavior of Cultured Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822)  

Mustapha, Moshood Keke (Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin)
Publication Information
Toxicological Research / v.33, no.2, 2017 , pp. 119-124 More about this Journal
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium is a bio accumulative toxic metal in water and fish. It enters aquaculture ponds mainly through anthropogenic sources. Hexavalent chromium concentrations and its effects on the morphology and behavior of Clarias gariepinus were investigated from four aquaculture ponds for 12 weeks. Chromium was measured using diphenyl carbohdrazide method; alkalinity and hardness were measured using colometric method and analyzed with Bench Photometer. Temperature and pH were measured using pH/EC/TDS/Temp combined tester. Temporal and spatial replications of samples were done with triplicates morphological and behavioural effects of the metal on fish were observed visually. Chromium ranged from no detection to 0.05 mg/L, alkalinity 105 to 245 mg/L, hardness 80 to 165 mg/L, pH 6.35 to 8.03 and temperature 29.1 to $35.9^{\circ}C$. Trend in the chromium concentrations in the ponds is natural > earthen > concrete > collapsible. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in chromium, alkalinity, water hardness, pH and temperature among the four ponds. Significant positive correlation also existed between alkalinity, water hardness, pH, with chromium. Morphological and behavioural changes observed in the fish include irregular swimming, frequent coming to the surface, dark body colouration, mucous secretion on the body, erosion of gill epithelium, fin disintegration, abdominal distension and lethargy. High chromium concentration in natural pond was due to anthropogenic run-off of materials in to the pond. Acidic pH, low alkalinity, low water hardness also contributed to the high chromium concentration. Morphological and behavioural changes observed were attributed to the high concentrations, toxicity and bio accumulative effect of the metal. Toxicity of chromium to fish in aquaculture could threaten food security. Watershed best management practices and remediation could be adopted to reduce the effects of toxicity of chromium on pond water quality, fish flesh quality and fish welfare.
Keywords
Chromium; Toxicity; Ponds; Aquaculture; Anthropogenic; Bioaccumulation;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Doudoroff, P. and Katz, M. (1953) Critical review of literature on the toxicity of industrial wastes and their components to fish. II. The metals, as salts. Sewage Ind. Waste, 25, 802-839.
2 Eisler, R. (1986) Chromium hazards to fish, wildlife and invertebrates: a synoptic review, report 6, biological report 85(1.6), U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, MD.
3 Velma, V., Vutukuru, S.S. and Tchounwou, P.B. (2009) Ecotoxicology of hexavalent chromium in freshwater fish: a critical review. Rev. Environ. Health, 24, 129-145.
4 Pawlisz, A.V., Kent, R.A., Schneider, U.A. and Jefferson, C. (1997) Canadian water quality guidelines for chromium. Environ. Toxicol., 12, 123-183.
5 Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (1999) Canadian water quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life: chromium — hexavalent chromium and trivalent chromium in Canadian environmental quality guidelines. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, Winnipeg, pp. 1-4.
6 Vincent, S., Ambrose, T., Cyrill, L. and Selvanaygam, M. (1995) Biochemical responses of the Indian Major carp, Catla catla (Ham.) to chromium toxicity. Ind. J. Environ. Health, 37, 192-196.
7 Mishra, A.K. and Mohanty, B. (2008) Acute toxicity impacts of hexavalent chromium on behaviour and histopathology of gill, kidney and liver of the freshwater fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch). Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 26, 136-141.   DOI
8 Yilmaz, A., Turan, C. and Toker, T. (2010) Uptake and distribution of hexavalent Cr in tissues (gill, skin and muscle) of a freshwater fish, Tilapia, Oreochromis aureus. J. Environ. Chem. Ecotoxicol., 2, 28-33.
9 Nisha, J.C., Raja Jeya Sekar, R. and Chandran, R. (2016) Acute effect of chromium toxicity on the behavioural response of zebra fish Danio rerio. Int. J. Plant. Anim. Env. Sci., 6, 6-14.
10 Johnson, C. and Radhakrishan, M.V. (2015) Estimation of Acute Toxicity of Chromium to the Freshwater Catfish Clarias batrachus (Linn.). Int. J. Res. Env. Sci., 1, 30-37.
11 Handa, B.K. (1988) Occurrence and distribution of chromium in natural waters of India in Chromium in Natural and Human Environments (Nriagu, J.O. and Nieboer, E. Ed.). Wiley Interscience, New York, pp. 189-215.
12 Xingzhen, Q. and Xiuxia, L. (1987) Investigation on the natural background values and states of elements in natural water from the upper reaches of the Nenjiang River. Kexue tongbao, 32, 983-987.
13 Forstner, U. and Prosi, F. (1979) Heavy metal pollution in freshwater ecosystems. in Biological Aspects of Freshwater Pollution (Ravera, O. Ed.). Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 129-161.
14 European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission (1983) Working Party on Water Quality Criteria for European Freshwater Fish, Water quality criteria for European freshwater fish. Report on chromium and freshwater fish. EIFAC Tech, EIFAC Technical Paper No. 43.
15 WHO (2003) Chromium in Drinking-water. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality (2nd edition), Vol. 2, Health criteria and other supporting information, World Health Organization, Geneva, pp. 2-3.
16 Vera-Candioti, J., Soloneski, S. and Larramendy, M.L. (2011) Acute toxicity of chromium on Cnesterodon decemmaculatus (Pisces: Poeciliidae). Theoria, 20, 81-88.
17 Brooks, J.S. (2009) The emergence of behavioural testing of fishes to measure toxicological effects. Toxicol. Res., 25, 9-15.   DOI
18 Svecevicius, G. (2006) Acute toxicity of hexavalent chromium to European freshwater fish. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 77, 741-747.   DOI
19 Heath, A.G. (1991) Water Pollution and Fish Physiology. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 90-92.
20 Begum, G., Venkateswara, R.J. and Srikanth, K. (2006) Oxidative stress and changes in locomotor behaviour and gill morphology of Gambusia affinis exposed to chromium. Toxicol. Environ. Chem., 88, 355-365.   DOI
21 Mathivanan, R. (2004) Effects of sub lethal concentration of Quinolphos on selected respiratory and biochemical parameters in the freshwater fish Oreochromis mossambicus. J. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Monit., 14, 57-64.
22 Avenant-Oldewage, A. and Marx, H.M. (2000) Bioaccumulation of chromium, copper and iron in the organs and tissues of Clarias gariepinus in the Olifants River, Kruger National Park. Water S.A., 26, 569-582.
23 Van Der Putte, I., Lubbers, J. and Kolar, Z. (1981) Effect of pH on uptake, tissue distribution and retention of hexavalent chromium in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Aqua. Toxicol., 1, 3-18.   DOI