• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 2021.10a
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• pp.47-52
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• 2021

최근 지문을 바탕으로 답을 추론하는 연구들이 많이 이루어지고 있으며, 대표적으로 기계 독해 연구가 존재하고 관련 데이터 셋 또한 여러 가지가 공개되어 있다. 그러나 한국의 대학수학능력시험 국어 영역과 같은 복잡한 구조의 문제에 대한 고차원적인 문제 해결 능력을 요구하는 데이터 셋은 거의 존재하지 않는다. 이로 인해 고차원적인 독해 문제를 해결하기 위한 연구가 활발히 이루어지고 있지 않으며, 인공지능 모델의 독해 능력에 대한 성능 향상이 제한적이다. 기존의 입력 구조가 단조로운 독해 문제에 대한 모델로는 복잡한 구조의 독해 문제에 적용하기가 쉽지 않으며, 이를 해결하기 위해서는 새로운 모델 훈련 방법이 필요하다. 이에 복잡한 구조의 고차원적인 독해 문제에도 대응이 가능하도록 하는 모델 훈련 방법을 제안하고자 한다. 더불어 3가지의 데이터 증강 기법을 제안함으로써 고차원 독해 문제 데이터 셋의 부족 문제 또한 해소하고자 한다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.375-380
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• 2014

This study examined the incidence rates of cancer cases (averages for 2006-2010) and relationships with environmental radioactivity levels. Soil and water samples were collected from provincial and district centers of Van city and the outdoor gamma doses were determined using a portable gamma scintillation detector. Gross alpha and beta, (226)Ra, (232)Th, and (40)K activities were measured in both tap water and soil samples. Although high rates of stomach and esophagus cancers have been reported previously in Van the underlying reasons have not hitherto been defined. Incidences of cancers were highest in the Gurpmar (326.0) and Ozalp (377.1) counties (p<0.001). As to the results of the gross alpha and gross beta radioactivity measurements in the drinking water, these two counties also had high beta radionuclide levels: Gurpmar ($140mBq/dm^3$) and Ozalp ($206mBq/dm^3$). Even if within the normal range, a relation between the higher rate of the incidence of stomach and esophagus cancers with that of the higher rate of beta radionuclide activity was clear. On Spearman correlation analysis, the relation between higher beta radionuclide levels and cancer incidence was found to be statistically significant (p<0.01). According to the results of the analysis, Van residents receive an average 1.86 mSv/y annual dose from outdoor gamma radiation, ingestion of radionuclides in the drinking water, and indoor $^{222}Rn$ activity. Moreover, gross alpha and beta activities were found to be extremely high in all of the lakes around the city of Van, Turkey. Further investigations with long-term detailed environmental radiation measurements are needed regarding the relationship between cancer cases and environmental radioactivity in the city of Van.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.736-760
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• 2011

The importance of new renewable energy is emphasized not only new growth engine but also the key solution for the exhaustion problem of fossil energy and environment problem. For the steady growth of new renewable energy industry, securing related labor force is an essential factor. In this study, the status on labor force of new renewable energy industry was identified and forecasted the labor force demand of new renewable energy in 2015 by reflecting the industrial growth outlook on the new renewable energy. For the quantitative analysis methodology, the stock approach of Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) of the United States was applied. Also by performing survey on the experts, the opinions of experts on supply and demand of new renewable energy labor force or worker training programs have been gathered. As a result of study, it has been analyzed that nearly 20% annual growth rate will be shown as the labor force demand in the field of new renewable energy industry increases from 14,100 people in 2010 to 33,200 people in 2015. In the survey on experts, we could find that a plan for supplying labor force must be prepared promptly in order to accomplish new renewable energy supply objectives and industrial growth objectives by our country in the future as the supply of new renewable energy labor force is currently insufficient. Also, it has been analyzed that the effort for deciding the proper new renewable energy labor force training program standard will be necessary. This study result could be used as a material of labor force training plan for the steady growth of new renewable energy industry in the future.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.1-30
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• 2003

The recent experience about self-employment shows three main trends: first, its share out of the total workers has steadily increased, recording 37.6% in 2001, implying its prevalence and importance; second, its share out of male workers has caught up female workers', implying its importance to males as well as females; and finally, during the recent Economic Crisis when there was mass layoff and large scale bankruptcy, its share rapidly increased, reflecting its role of a buffer to economic fluctuation. However, there have been few studies on self-employment, mainly focusing on what makes someone choose it as an alternative to being employed. This study analyzes the determinants of the duration to terminate self-employment, by applying the proportional hazard model to the Korea Labor and Income Panel Survey(KLIPS) by the Korea Labor Institute. The KLIPS started the first wave in 1998 with the 5,000 household sample (and about 12,000 individual sample of household members aged 15 and more). In this study, the first four waves are used for analysis. The average duration of 5,357 spells of self-employment is 130 months. It shows slight difference between males(124 months) and females(138 months) while it widely ranges over industries (296 months for agriculture industry while 50 months for restaurant and hotel industry). Estimates of the proportional hazard model of the self-employment duration show that females are more likely to terminate self-employment while it is not statistically significant. The effect of age at starting self-employment on the hazard shows the inverse V-shape, which implies that, until a certain age(47 years), the hazard become higher as aging while, since then, it become lower as aging. The level of education has a positive effect on the hazard, implying that more education is related to the higher probability to be employed. The measures of economic performances, annual sales and earnings, are positively related to continuing self-employment while hardship at the start of self-employment measured by several ways has a negative effect. Training before opening business has a positive effect on keeping on self-employment and its effects are different over its providers, significantly positive for public providers while insignificant for private providers. More and further research on self-employment is urgent in the rapidly ageing society. To help workers to be self-employed, more public assistance is necessary for education, training, financing, marketing, management, and human resource management in order to make the olders consider self-employment as a good alternative rather than an inevitable one.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.613-623
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the set up and running status of school gardening at elementary schools in Jeollabuk-do. Among 416 elementary schools in Jeollabuk-do, 164 schools (39.4%) had school gardens. Ninety-seven schools in cities and 67 in counties had school gardens. The total area and school garden size at schools in Jeollabuk-do were $45,490m^2$ and $277m^2$ per school, respectively, as well as $1.6m^2$ per students. School gardens varied in type, and percentages of outdoor and off-campus gardens were 67.2% and 17.2%, respectively. There were differences in the set up, type of garden, annual operating budget, and participants in school garden programs according to the location (city or county) of the school The installation and automation of facilities in the garden (such as greenhouse, tool shed, resource recycling facility, etc.) were poor. Most schools grew various kinds of plants, including vegetables, crops, ornamentals, and fruits. Teachers most often operated school gardens and taught students. Teachers had difficulty managing school gardens due to absence of knowledge about sustaining gardens. Most respondents reported the need for a school garden training program. Sixty-one percent of schools reported that the garden was used for academic instruction, especially during class. The majority of respondents agreed that school gardens have a positive effect and wanted to increase classes related to school gardens. Accordingly, in order to sustain school gardens and maximize their effects, systematic and customized support is needed that considers the characteristics and circumstances of the school. The facilities and features of the garden should be improved, and the school garden training program for teachers should attempt to reduce the effort required to manage the garden and increase utilization efficiency. In addition, participation of garden coordinators, parents, and community volunteers in managing gardens and implementing garden lessons is required.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.75-84
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• 2019

In this study, the random forest approach was used to predict the national mean rice yield of South Korea by using mean climatic factors at a national scale. A random forest model that used monthly climate variable and year as an important predictor in predicting crop yield. Annual yield change would be affected by technical improvement for crop management as well as climate. Year as prediction factor represent technical improvement. Thus, it is likely that the variables of importance identified for the random forest model could result in a large error in prediction of rice yield in practice. It was also found that elimination of the trend of yield data resulted in reasonable accuracy in prediction of yield using the random forest model. For example, yield prediction using the training set (data obtained from 1991 to 2005) had a relatively high degree of agreement statistics. Although the degree of agreement statistics for yield prediction for the test set (2006-2015) was not as good as those for the training set, the value of relative root mean square error (RRMSE) was less than 5%. In the variable importance plot, significant difference was noted in the importance of climate factors between the training and test sets. This difference could be attributed to the shifting of the transplanting date, which might have affected the growing season. This suggested that acceptable yield prediction could be achieved using random forest, when the data set included consistent planting or transplanting dates in the predicted area.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.66 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 2021

Rice lodging is an annual occurrence caused by typhoons accompanied by strong winds and strong rainfall, resulting in damage relating to pre-harvest sprouting during the ripening period. Thus, rapid estimations of the area of lodged rice are necessary to enable timely responses to damage. To this end, we obtained images related to rice lodging using a drone in Gimje, Buan, and Gunsan, which were converted to 128 × 128 pixels images. A convolutional neural network (CNN) model, a deep learning model based on these images, was used to predict rice lodging, which was classified into two types (lodging and non-lodging), and the images were divided in a 8:2 ratio into a training set and a validation set. The CNN model was layered and trained using three optimizers (Adam, Rmsprop, and SGD). The area of rice lodging was evaluated for the three fields using the obtained data, with the exception of the training set and validation set. The images were combined to give composites images of the entire fields using Metashape, and these images were divided into 128 × 128 pixels. Lodging in the divided images was predicted using the trained CNN model, and the extent of lodging was calculated by multiplying the ratio of the total number of field images by the number of lodging images by the area of the entire field. The results for the training and validation sets showed that accuracy increased with a progression in learning and eventually reached a level greater than 0.919. The results obtained for each of the three fields showed high accuracy with respect to all optimizers, among which, Adam showed the highest accuracy (normalized root mean square error: 2.73%). On the basis of the findings of this study, it is anticipated that the area of lodged rice can be rapidly predicted using deep learning.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.9-16
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• 2010

Purpose: With increasing medical use of radiation and radioactive isotopes, there is a need to better manage the risk of radiation exposure. This study aims to grasp and analyze the individual radiation exposure situations of radiation-related workers in a medical facility by specific job, in order to instill awareness of radiation danger and to assist in safety and radiation exposure management for such workers. Materials and Methods: 1 January 2007 to 31 December 2009 to work in medical institutions are classified as radiation workers Nuclear personal radiation dosimeter regularly, continuously administered survey of 40 workers in three years of occupation to target, Imaging Unit beautifully, age, dose sector, job function-related tasks to identify the average annual dose for a deep dose, respectively, were analyzed. The frequency analysis and ANOVA analysis was performed. Results: Imaging Unit beautifully three years the annual dose PET and PET/CT in the work room 11.06~12.62 mSv dose showed the highest, gamma camera injection room 11.72 mSv with a higher average annual dose of occupation by the clinical technicians 8.92 mSv the highest, radiological 7.50 mSv, a nurse 2.61 mSv, the researchers 0.69 mSv, received 0.48 mSv, 0.35 mSv doctors orderly, and detail work employed the average annual dose of the PET and PET/CT work is 12.09 mSv showed the highest radiation dose, gamma camera injection work the 11.72 mSv, gamma camera imaging work 4.92 mSv, treatment and safety management and 2.98 mSv, a nurse working 2.96 mSv, management of 1.72 mSv, work image analysis 0.92 mSv, reading task 0.54 mSv, with receiving 0.51 mSv, 0.29 mSv research work, respectively. Dose sector average annual dose of the study subjects, 15 people (37.5%) than the 1 mSv dose distribution and 5 people (12.5%) and 1.01~5.0 mSv with the dose distribution was less than, 5.01~10.0 mSv in the 14 people (35.0%), 10.01~20.0 mSv in the 6 people (15.0%) of the distribution were analyzed. The average annual dose according to age in occupations that radiological workers 25~34 years old have the highest average of 8.69 mSv dose showed the average annual dose of tenure of 5~9 years in jobs radiation workers in the 9.5 mSv The average was the highest dose. Conclusion: These results suggest that medical radiation workers working in Nuclear Medicine radiation safety management of the majority of the current were carried out in the effectiveness, depending on job characteristics has been found that many differences. However, this requires efforts to minimize radiation exposure, and systematic training for them and for reasonable radiation exposure management system is needed.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.85-92
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• 2016

The Korean Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (KAPD) organized the Committee on Sedation, Education and Research to establish appropriate guidelines in dental sedation and to help to the safety of dental sedation of society members through continuous education. The purpose of this study was to try to evaluate the satisfaction rating of the society members of the sedation symposium and BLS course that was held during the KAPD annual congress in 2015. The committee created a questionnaire to target the KAPD members who participated in the annual congress. The questionnaire was given to the 143 total members and were carried out based on the satisfaction evaluation of the symposium. The 23 total members who participated in the BLS course, reported satisfactory evaluations of the BLS course. Both the symposium and BLS courses confirmed a high level of satisfaction from the KAPD members. In addition, the committee learned about the future direction of the education offered by the KAPD the members wish for it to take. KAPD will endeavor to consistently provide advanced education and the systematic training program of emergency management situation for KAPD members.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.905-919
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• 2005

This study raised the necessity of developing performance indicators for measuring the management efficiency and effectiveness of school food service, and as a means of helping its implementation, a balanced score card (BSC) approach developed by Norton and Kaplan was adopted. This study established BSC in seven phases through literature: Phase 1 Defining a school food service and the scope of working activities, Phase 2 Establishing the vision of a school food service, Phase 3 Setting strategic goals, Phase 4 Identifying critical success factors (CSFs), Phase 5 Developing Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), Phase 6 Extracting cause and effect relationship, and Phase 7 Completing a preliminary BSC. The preliminary BSC was fumed into a survey, which was administered to food service related people working at the Office of Education and School Food Service including 16 offices,209 dietitians, 48 school administrators both from self-operated and contract-managed, and 9 experts in areas related to school food service. They were asked questions about strategies from 4 different perspectives,12 CSFs, 39 KPls, and the cause and effect relationships among them. As a result, among the CSFs based on 4 different perspectives, all factors other than ' zero sum on profit/loss ' from the financial perspective turned out to be valid. In terms of KPIs, manufacturing cost percentages, casualty loss count/reduction rates, school foodervice participation rates, and sales goal achievement rates were found to be valid from the financial perspective, while student satisfaction index, faculty satisfaction index, leftover ratio, nutrition educational performance count, index of evaluating nutrition education, customer claim count/reduction rate, handling customer claim count/reduction rate, and parent satisfaction index were found to be valid from the customers' perspective. Besides, nutritional requirement sufficient ratio, nutritional management score, food poisoning outbreak count, employee safety accident count, sanitary inspection assessment index, meals per labor hour (productivity index), computerization ratio, operational management index, and purchase management assessment index were also found to be valid from the perspective of internal business processes. From the perspective of innovation and learning, employee turnover ratio/rate of absenteeism, annual education and training count, employee satisfaction index, human resource management assessment index, annual menu-related customer feedback, food service information index for employees and parents/schools were also found to be valid. The significance of this study is to present indices for measuring overall performance of school lunch food service operations without putting any limitation on types of school food service management, and to help correctly assess the contribution of the current types of school food service management to schools and students. (Korean J Community Nutrition 10(6) : $905\∼919$, 2005)